Sociology Final
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| social institution | organized patterns of beliefs and behaviors centered on basic social needs [family, religion, education, politics, economy]
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| family | a social institution that unites people in cooperative groups for purposes of reproduction and mutual care
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| kinship | social bond based on blood, marriage, and/or adoption
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| nuclear family | parents and children living together sharing house
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| extended family | more than nuclear family living in the same house
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| serial monogamy | multiple spouses- one at a time
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| polygamy | the uniting of 3 or more people by marriage
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| patrilineal descent | tracing kinship through father’s relatives
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| matrilineal descent | tracing kinship through mother’s relatives
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| bilateral descent | tracing kinship through both the father and the mother
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| patriarchy | men dominate decision making
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| matriarchy | women dominate family decision making
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| egalitarian family | men and women equally share family decision making
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| endogamy | practice of marrying within one’s social category or group
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| exogamy | practice of marrying outside of one’s social category or group
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| religion | a social institution that provides a general explanation of existence, including the terms of exchange
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| religious belief | statements to which members of a particular religion adhere
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| religious ritual | religious ritual-practices required or expected of members of a faith [songs, prayers, offerings, sacrifices]
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| religious experience | feeling of perception of being in contact with the supernatural [senses of peace, speaking in tongues, convulsions]
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| education | social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of knowledge, skills, and cultural values within a formally organized structure [public, private, home]
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| tracking | practice of assigning students to different types of educational programs
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| hidden curriculum | subtle socialization of pupils into dominant ideology of society
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| teacher-expectancy effect | a teacher’s expectations influence the actual achievements of the student
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| politics | social institution through which power is acquired and exercised
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| monarchy | single family rules from generation to generation
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| authoritarianism | system that denies popular participation in government
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| totalitarianism | highly centralized system with extensive regulation of people’s lives
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| democracy | power given to people as a whole
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| economy | social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed
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| capitalism | private ownership of property, pursuit of personal profit, competition and consumer choice
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| socialism | collective property ownership, pursuit of collective goals, gov controls the economy
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| power | ability to exercise one’s will over others
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| force | actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one’s will on others
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| influence | exercise of power through a process of persuasion
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| authority | institutionalized power perceived as legitimate by the people
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| traditional authority | legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice
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| charismatic authority | power made legitimate by people’s belief in the exceptional personal qualities of a leader
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| rational | legal authority-power made legitimate by law
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| pluralist model | power in political systems is widely dispersed throughout many competing interest groups
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| elite model | power in political systems is concentrated in the hands of a small group of elites in the masses and the relatively powerless
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| power elite | small ruling elite of military, business, and government leaders who control the fate of the US
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| social change | transformation of culture and social institutions over time [sources- technology, demographic shifts, ideas]
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| political socialization | process by which individuals learn political attitudes, values, and behavior
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| crowd behavior | people in the same place behaving in a similar way but without organized direction [mobs, riots, panics]
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| mass behavior | collective behavior among people spread out over a wide geographic area
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| social movement | an organized group that acts consciously to promote or resist change through collective action [features of a social movement-goals, strategic tactics, longevity]
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| stages of a social movement | emergence, coalescence, institutionalization, decline
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| relative deprivation theory | social movement arise among people who feel deprived of something [people may feel they have a right to their goals, the disadvantaged group must perceive that it cannot attain its goals through conventional means]
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| resource mobilization theory | to succeed, social movements must mobilize key resources [members, leadership, money, legitimacy]
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| new social movement theory | Social movements in post modern society are motivated less by economic concerns than by concerns regarding values/ideology, identity, and quality-of-life issues
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