CHAPTER 6 Medical Terminology - McGraw Hill 2023
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| cephal/o | head
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| cerebell/o | cerebellum
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| cerebr/o, cerebr/i | cerebrum
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| crani/o | cranium
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| encephal/o | brain
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| gangli/o | ganglion
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| gli/o | neuroglia
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| mening/o, meningi/o | meninges
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| myel/o | bone marrow, spinal cord
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| neur/o, neur/i | nerve
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| spin/o | spine
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| thalam/o | thalamus
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| vag/o | vagus nerve
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| ventricul/o | ventricle
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| Nerve cell | Basic cell of the nervous system having three parts: cell body, dendrite, and axon; neuron.
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| Neuron | Basic cell of the nervous system having three parts; nerve cell.
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| Cell body | Part of a nerve cell that has branches or fibers that reach out to send or receive impulses.
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| Dendrites | A thin branching extension of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body.
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| Axon | Part of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.
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| Myelin sheath | Fatty tissue that covers axons.
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| Terminal end fibers | Group of fibers at the end of an axon that passes the impulses leaving the neuron to the next neuron.
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| Synapse | Space over which nerve impulses jump from one neuron to another.
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| Neurotransmitter | Various substances located in tiny sacs at the end of the axon.
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| Excitability | Ability to respond to stimuli.
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| Stimulus | Anything that arouses a response.
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| Conductivity | Ability to transmit a signal.
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| Efferent neurons | Neuron that carries information to the muscles and glands from the central nervous system.
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| Afferent neurons | Neuron that carries information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system.
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| Interneurons | Neuron that carries and processes sensory information.
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| Nerves | Bundle of neurons that bear electrical messages to the organs and muscles of the body.
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| Acetylcholine | Chemical that stimulates cells.
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| Norepinephrine | Hormone produced in response to stress.
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| Nerve impulse | Released energy that is received or transmitted by tissue or organs and that usually provokes a response.
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| Receptors | Tissue or organ that receives nerve impulses; part of a target cell that properties compatible with a particular substance (hormone).
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| Encephalitis | Inflammation of the brain.
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| Vagotomy | Surgical severing of the vagus nerve.
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| Cerebellitis | Inflammation of the cerebellum.
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| Gangli-form | Having the shape of a ganglion.
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| Ventriculitis | Inflammation of the ventricles of the brain.
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| Neuritis | Inflammation of a nerve.
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| Cranio-facial | Relating to the face and the cranium.
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| Myelo-malacia | Softening of the spinal cord.
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| Glio-matosis | Abnormal growth of neuroglia in the brain or spinal column.
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| Thalamo-tomy | An incision into the thalamus to destroy a portion causing or transmitting sensations of pain.
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| Ceph-algia | Pain in the head.
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| Meningo-cele | A protrusion of the spinal meninges above the surface of the skin.
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| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | Record of the electrical impulses of the brain.
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| Nerve conduction velocity | Timing of the conductivity of an electrical shock administered to peripheral nerves.
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| Polysomnography (PSG) | Recording of electrical and movement patterns during sleep.
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| SPECT (Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography) brain scan | Brain image produced by the use of radioactive isotopes.
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| PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scan | Type of nuclear image that reveals how tissues and organs are functioning. It can also detect diseases and abnormal metabolic activity.
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| CT or CAT (computerized axial tomography) scan | Radiographic imagining that produces cross-sectional images.
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| Myelogram | X-ray of the spinal cord after a contrast medium has been injected.
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| Cerebral angiogram | X-ray of the brain's blood vessels after a dye is injected.
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| Encephalogram | Record of the radiographic study of the ventricles of the brain.
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| Transcranial sonogram | Brain images produced by the use of sound waves.
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| Concussion | An injury to the brain from an impact with an object.
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| Coma | An abnormally deep sleep with little or no response to stimuli.
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| Brain contusion | Bruising of the surface of the brain without penetration into the brain.
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| Hydrocephalus | An overproduction of fluid in the brain, which usually occurs at birth. It can occur in adults with infections or tumors.
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| Lobectomy | Removal of a portion of the brain to treat certain disorders, OR, removal of one of the lobes of the lung.
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| Lobotomy | Incision into the frontal lobe of the brain.
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| Craniectomy | Removal of a part of the skull.
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| Craniotomy | Incision into the skull.
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| Stereotaxy | Destruction of deep-seated brain structures using three-dimensional coordinates to locate the structures.
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| Neuroplasty | Surgical repair of a nerve.
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| Neurectomy | Surgical removal of a nerve.
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| Neurotomy | Dissection of a nerve.
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| Neurorrhaphy | Suturing of a severed nerve.
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| Vagotomy | Severing of the vagus nerve to relieve pain.
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| Analgesics | Agent that relives or eliminates pain.
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| Anticonvulsants | Agent that lessens or prevents convulsions.
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| Narcotic | Agent that relieves pain by inducing a stuporous or euphoric state.
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| Sedative | Agent that relieves feelings of agitation.
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| Hypnotic | Agent that induces sleep.
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| Anesthetic | Agent that relieves pain by blocking nerve sensation.
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| Alzheimer's disease | A type of degenerative brain disease causing thought disorders, gradual loss of muscle control, and eventually, death.
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| Amnesia | Loss of memory.
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| Aneurysm | Abnormal widening of an artery wall that bursts and releases blood; ballooning of the artery wall caused by weakness in the wall.
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| Aphasia | Loss of speech.
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| Dysphagia | Speech difficulty.
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| Apraxia | Inability to properly use familiar objects.
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| Agnosia | Inability to receive and understand outside stimuli.
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| Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) | Degenerative disease of the motor neurons leading to loss of muscular control and death.
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| Lou Gehrig disease | Degenerative disease of the motor neurons leading to loss of muscular control and death.
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| Huntington chorea | Hereditary disorder with uncontrollable, jerking movements.
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| Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | Degenerative disease with loss of myelin, resulting in muscle weakness, extreme fatigue, and some paralysis.
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| Demyelination | Destruction of myeline sheath, particularly in multiple sclerosis.
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| Gait | Manner of walking.
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| Paresthesia | Abnormal sensation, such as tingling.
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| Myasthenia gravis | Disease involving overproduction of antibodies that block certain neurotransmitters; causes muscle weakness.
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| Parkinson's disease | Degeneration of nerves in the brain caused by lack of sufficient dopamine.
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| Dopamine | Substance in the brain or manufactured substance that helps relieve symptoms of Parkinson disease.
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