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MT Ch6 Nervous Syst
CHAPTER 6 Medical Terminology - McGraw Hill 2023
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cephal/o | head |
| cerebell/o | cerebellum |
| cerebr/o, cerebr/i | cerebrum |
| crani/o | cranium |
| encephal/o | brain |
| gangli/o | ganglion |
| gli/o | neuroglia |
| mening/o, meningi/o | meninges |
| myel/o | bone marrow, spinal cord |
| neur/o, neur/i | nerve |
| spin/o | spine |
| thalam/o | thalamus |
| vag/o | vagus nerve |
| ventricul/o | ventricle |
| Nerve cell | Basic cell of the nervous system having three parts: cell body, dendrite, and axon; neuron. |
| Neuron | Basic cell of the nervous system having three parts; nerve cell. |
| Cell body | Part of a nerve cell that has branches or fibers that reach out to send or receive impulses. |
| Dendrites | A thin branching extension of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body. |
| Axon | Part of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. |
| Myelin sheath | Fatty tissue that covers axons. |
| Terminal end fibers | Group of fibers at the end of an axon that passes the impulses leaving the neuron to the next neuron. |
| Synapse | Space over which nerve impulses jump from one neuron to another. |
| Neurotransmitter | Various substances located in tiny sacs at the end of the axon. |
| Excitability | Ability to respond to stimuli. |
| Stimulus | Anything that arouses a response. |
| Conductivity | Ability to transmit a signal. |
| Efferent neurons | Neuron that carries information to the muscles and glands from the central nervous system. |
| Afferent neurons | Neuron that carries information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system. |
| Interneurons | Neuron that carries and processes sensory information. |
| Nerves | Bundle of neurons that bear electrical messages to the organs and muscles of the body. |
| Acetylcholine | Chemical that stimulates cells. |
| Norepinephrine | Hormone produced in response to stress. |
| Nerve impulse | Released energy that is received or transmitted by tissue or organs and that usually provokes a response. |
| Receptors | Tissue or organ that receives nerve impulses; part of a target cell that properties compatible with a particular substance (hormone). |
| Encephalitis | Inflammation of the brain. |
| Vagotomy | Surgical severing of the vagus nerve. |
| Cerebellitis | Inflammation of the cerebellum. |
| Gangli-form | Having the shape of a ganglion. |
| Ventriculitis | Inflammation of the ventricles of the brain. |
| Neuritis | Inflammation of a nerve. |
| Cranio-facial | Relating to the face and the cranium. |
| Myelo-malacia | Softening of the spinal cord. |
| Glio-matosis | Abnormal growth of neuroglia in the brain or spinal column. |
| Thalamo-tomy | An incision into the thalamus to destroy a portion causing or transmitting sensations of pain. |
| Ceph-algia | Pain in the head. |
| Meningo-cele | A protrusion of the spinal meninges above the surface of the skin. |
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | Record of the electrical impulses of the brain. |
| Nerve conduction velocity | Timing of the conductivity of an electrical shock administered to peripheral nerves. |
| Polysomnography (PSG) | Recording of electrical and movement patterns during sleep. |
| SPECT (Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography) brain scan | Brain image produced by the use of radioactive isotopes. |
| PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scan | Type of nuclear image that reveals how tissues and organs are functioning. It can also detect diseases and abnormal metabolic activity. |
| CT or CAT (computerized axial tomography) scan | Radiographic imagining that produces cross-sectional images. |
| Myelogram | X-ray of the spinal cord after a contrast medium has been injected. |
| Cerebral angiogram | X-ray of the brain's blood vessels after a dye is injected. |
| Encephalogram | Record of the radiographic study of the ventricles of the brain. |
| Transcranial sonogram | Brain images produced by the use of sound waves. |
| Concussion | An injury to the brain from an impact with an object. |
| Coma | An abnormally deep sleep with little or no response to stimuli. |
| Brain contusion | Bruising of the surface of the brain without penetration into the brain. |
| Hydrocephalus | An overproduction of fluid in the brain, which usually occurs at birth. It can occur in adults with infections or tumors. |
| Lobectomy | Removal of a portion of the brain to treat certain disorders, OR, removal of one of the lobes of the lung. |
| Lobotomy | Incision into the frontal lobe of the brain. |
| Craniectomy | Removal of a part of the skull. |
| Craniotomy | Incision into the skull. |
| Stereotaxy | Destruction of deep-seated brain structures using three-dimensional coordinates to locate the structures. |
| Neuroplasty | Surgical repair of a nerve. |
| Neurectomy | Surgical removal of a nerve. |
| Neurotomy | Dissection of a nerve. |
| Neurorrhaphy | Suturing of a severed nerve. |
| Vagotomy | Severing of the vagus nerve to relieve pain. |
| Analgesics | Agent that relives or eliminates pain. |
| Anticonvulsants | Agent that lessens or prevents convulsions. |
| Narcotic | Agent that relieves pain by inducing a stuporous or euphoric state. |
| Sedative | Agent that relieves feelings of agitation. |
| Hypnotic | Agent that induces sleep. |
| Anesthetic | Agent that relieves pain by blocking nerve sensation. |
| Alzheimer's disease | A type of degenerative brain disease causing thought disorders, gradual loss of muscle control, and eventually, death. |
| Amnesia | Loss of memory. |
| Aneurysm | Abnormal widening of an artery wall that bursts and releases blood; ballooning of the artery wall caused by weakness in the wall. |
| Aphasia | Loss of speech. |
| Dysphagia | Speech difficulty. |
| Apraxia | Inability to properly use familiar objects. |
| Agnosia | Inability to receive and understand outside stimuli. |
| Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) | Degenerative disease of the motor neurons leading to loss of muscular control and death. |
| Lou Gehrig disease | Degenerative disease of the motor neurons leading to loss of muscular control and death. |
| Huntington chorea | Hereditary disorder with uncontrollable, jerking movements. |
| Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | Degenerative disease with loss of myelin, resulting in muscle weakness, extreme fatigue, and some paralysis. |
| Demyelination | Destruction of myeline sheath, particularly in multiple sclerosis. |
| Gait | Manner of walking. |
| Paresthesia | Abnormal sensation, such as tingling. |
| Myasthenia gravis | Disease involving overproduction of antibodies that block certain neurotransmitters; causes muscle weakness. |
| Parkinson's disease | Degeneration of nerves in the brain caused by lack of sufficient dopamine. |
| Dopamine | Substance in the brain or manufactured substance that helps relieve symptoms of Parkinson disease. |
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