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Organisation of the Body

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Question
Answer
show Bones of the upper and lower limbs  
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show Skull - cranium Vertebral column Ribs Sternum  
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show Vertebrae + intervertebral discs + long and short ligaments Central, flexible structure Supported by muscles Contains the spinal cord Weightbearing axis Transmission of weight through the spine  
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Names of different vertebral regions   show
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show Cervical lordosis - secondary curvature - 15-30 degrees Thoracic kyphosis - primary curvature - 30 degrees Lumbar lordosis - secondary curvature - 45 degrees Sacral kyphosis - primary curvature - 30 degrees  
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show Primary curvatures develop in the fetus Lumber lordosis - 6 months+ Cervical lordosis - when baby can support own head  
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show Excessive lumbar lordosis in late pregnancy Weakness of anterior abdominal wall muscles' Due to changes in centre of gravity  
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show Age related Collapse of vertebral bodies (osteoporosis) Curvature >30 degrees IV disc disease  
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Scoliosis   show
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Development of the spine - segmentation   show
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show Resegmentation of the sclerotomes to form vertebrae Each splits into cranial and caudal segments Segmental spinal nerves grow to innervate the myotomes - cranial segment of sclerotome recombines with caudal segment of next sclerotome  
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Regulation of segmentation   show
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Typical lumbar structure   show
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show With superior and inferior vertebrae  
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show Annulus fibrosus ring of collage covered fibrocartilage Layers in different directions Strong annulus limits rotation between vertebrae Nucleus pulpsosus - glycosaminoglycans for shock absorption and weightbearing  
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show Plane synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes Each joint has restricted range of movement Combination of all gliding and sliding movements gives a large range of movement - flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation etc  
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show Articular facet joints lie on a loping, transverse plane Rotation, flexion/extension Small degree of lateral flexion is possible  
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Vertebral column movements - Thoracic   show
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show Articular facets aligned to a sagittal plane Flexion and extension Limited rotation  
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show Nodding  
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show Extensive rotation  
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Long ligaments of the spine   show
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show Limits extension From base of the skull to the anterior surface of the sacrum Attached to intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies  
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Posterior Longitudinal ligament   show
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show Ligamentum nuchae - between C7 and skull - strong abd thick triangle, base between occipital protuberance and foramen magnum, apex attached to spinous process of C7 Resists flexion and acts mechanically to restore the head to an upright position  
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Short ligaments of the spine   show
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Ligamentum flavum   show
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Interspinous ligaments   show
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Intertransverse ligaments   show
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show No body - became dens of C2 Anterior arch - articular facet for dens - transverse ligament of atlas Transverse process with foramen transversarium Superior articular facets - large, articulate with occipital condyle Posterior tubercle -spinous process  
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show Body-large superior articular facets (articulate with inferior facets of atlas allowing rotation) No intervertebral disc between C1 and C2 Dens - reinforced by transverse ligament of atlas and 2 alar ligaments Transverse process Spinous process-bifid  
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show Body smaller that thoracic/lumbar Transverse process- foramen transversarium for vertebral arteries except C7 Anterior and posterior tubercles Spinous process-bifid C7 - long spinous process easily palpable - vertebra prominens  
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show Body heart shaped Superior and inferior costal hemi-facets for articulation with tow pairs of ribs (except final 3) Transverse process - facet for articulation with tubercle on neck of rib at same level Spinous process - not bifid  
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show Body kidney shaped Transverse processes - long Superior and inferior articular facets orientated to reduce rotational movement Spinous process - square L5 may fuse with S1 - sacralisation - leads to lower back pain  
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Sacrum   show
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Coccyx   show
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Contents of the vertebral spinal cord   show
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show C1 nerve emerges between skull and C1 C2-C7 nerves emerge above vertebral pedicles C8 nerve below pedicle of C7 T1- Co emerge below pedicles of respective vertebrae Spinal cord ends at L1/L2 - safe access below this  
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Termination of the spinal cord   show
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show Jacobys/Tuffiers line Intersects the L4 vertebrae L4/5 in most individuals Where spine can be safely accessed  
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show Skin Subcutaneous tissue Supraspinous ligament Interspinous ligament Ligamentus flavum Epidural space Dura matter Subdural space Arachnoid mater Sub-arachnoid space - CSF collected  
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show Skin Subcutaneous tissue Supraspinous ligament Interspinous ligament Ligamentus flavum Epidural space  
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Intervertebral disc herniation   show
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Sciatica   show
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show Cervical region - C7 vertebra prominens easily palpable Thoracic region - T12 spinous process is smaller than L1. Can also feel 12th rib Lumbar region - Sacrum between posterior borders of iliac bones, palpate in cranial direction to find L5  
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Imaging of spine   show
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