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Organisation of the Body

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Question
Answer
show Bones of the upper and lower limbs  
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show Skull - cranium Vertebral column Ribs Sternum  
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Properties of vertebral column   show
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show 7 cervical C1-C7 12 Thoracic T1-T12 5 lumbar L1-L5 5 fused sacral - Sacrum 3-5 fused coccygeal - Coccyx  
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show Cervical lordosis - secondary curvature - 15-30 degrees Thoracic kyphosis - primary curvature - 30 degrees Lumbar lordosis - secondary curvature - 45 degrees Sacral kyphosis - primary curvature - 30 degrees  
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show Primary curvatures develop in the fetus Lumber lordosis - 6 months+ Cervical lordosis - when baby can support own head  
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show Excessive lumbar lordosis in late pregnancy Weakness of anterior abdominal wall muscles' Due to changes in centre of gravity  
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show Age related Collapse of vertebral bodies (osteoporosis) Curvature >30 degrees IV disc disease  
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show Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine Thoracic spine leans to the side Lumbar scoliosis can also occur Can combine to form thoraco-lumbar scoliosis  
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Development of the spine - segmentation   show
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Development of segmental structures   show
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show Somites are regionally specified HOX genes pattern the body axis - investigated in flies (leg/antenna study) Shh gene expressed in the notochord induces somite cells to form sclerotome  
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show Anterior - body of vertebrae Pedicle connects body to arch Neural arch - transverse process, lamina, spinous process Has two articular facets to articulate with other vertebrae  
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Intervertebral joints - symphysis joints   show
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Intervertebral disc   show
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Intervertebral joints - Zygapophysial joints   show
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Vertebral column movements - Cervical   show
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show Articular facets lie on a coronal plane Rotation Limited flexion or extension due to presence of the limbs  
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show Articular facets aligned to a sagittal plane Flexion and extension Limited rotation  
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show Nodding  
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Movement at atlanto-axial joint   show
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Long ligaments of the spine   show
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Posterior Longitudinal ligament   show
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Posterior Longitudinal ligament   show
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show Ligamentum nuchae - between C7 and skull - strong abd thick triangle, base between occipital protuberance and foramen magnum, apex attached to spinous process of C7 Resists flexion and acts mechanically to restore the head to an upright position  
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Short ligaments of the spine   show
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show Series of short ligaments Between lamina of the neural arches of vertebrae C2-S1 Resist flexion of vertebral column Elastic - helps to pull flexed vertebral column back into extension when flexor muscle relaxes  
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show Between spinous processes Blending with supraspinous ligament  
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show Between transverse processes  
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show No body - became dens of C2 Anterior arch - articular facet for dens - transverse ligament of atlas Transverse process with foramen transversarium Superior articular facets - large, articulate with occipital condyle Posterior tubercle -spinous process  
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show Body-large superior articular facets (articulate with inferior facets of atlas allowing rotation) No intervertebral disc between C1 and C2 Dens - reinforced by transverse ligament of atlas and 2 alar ligaments Transverse process Spinous process-bifid  
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show Body smaller that thoracic/lumbar Transverse process- foramen transversarium for vertebral arteries except C7 Anterior and posterior tubercles Spinous process-bifid C7 - long spinous process easily palpable - vertebra prominens  
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show Body heart shaped Superior and inferior costal hemi-facets for articulation with tow pairs of ribs (except final 3) Transverse process - facet for articulation with tubercle on neck of rib at same level Spinous process - not bifid  
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Lumbar vertebrae   show
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show 5 fused vertebrae Base articulate with L5 Apex points inferiorly- articulates with coccyx Pelvic surface - 8 anterior sacral foramina Posterior surface -8 posterior SF Median sacral crest Ala or wing of sacrum articulates with ilium-sacroiliac joint  
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show 3-5 fused rudimentary vertebrae Apex articulates with sacrum Base Transverse process Coccygeal horns - cornua  
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show Pia mater (internal) Subarachnoid space (contains CSF) Arachnoid mater (middle) Subdural space Dura mater (outer) Epidural space  
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show C1 nerve emerges between skull and C1 C2-C7 nerves emerge above vertebral pedicles C8 nerve below pedicle of C7 T1- Co emerge below pedicles of respective vertebrae Spinal cord ends at L1/L2 - safe access below this  
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show Spinal cord ends at L1/L2 disc as conus medularis Cauda equine (spinal nerves L2-coccygeal) in the Cerebrospinal fluid filled lumbar cistern Dura mater tapers off at S2  
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show Jacobys/Tuffiers line Intersects the L4 vertebrae L4/5 in most individuals Where spine can be safely accessed  
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show Skin Subcutaneous tissue Supraspinous ligament Interspinous ligament Ligamentus flavum Epidural space Dura matter Subdural space Arachnoid mater Sub-arachnoid space - CSF collected  
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show Skin Subcutaneous tissue Supraspinous ligament Interspinous ligament Ligamentus flavum Epidural space  
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Intervertebral disc herniation   show
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Sciatica   show
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show Cervical region - C7 vertebra prominens easily palpable Thoracic region - T12 spinous process is smaller than L1. Can also feel 12th rib Lumbar region - Sacrum between posterior borders of iliac bones, palpate in cranial direction to find L5  
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show Cannot easily see C1 as it has no body The first visible vertebrae is therefore C2 White - CSF Vertebrae get smaller inferiorly Can visualise where lumbar puncture can be performed - no spinal cord  
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