Busy. Please wait.

Don't have an account? Sign up

taken

Age:

12 or younger
13 or older

Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account. Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.

Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password

Enter the email address associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.

Upgrade to remove ads

Segmental structure

Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

Normal Size Small Size show me how

Created by: 12345678987654321000000

Popular Medical sets

Geneeskunde M1

Heelkunde M1

M1 beweging Groningen

Toetsvragen

Beweging

Electronic Health Record

NHA CBCS Exam

Medical roots

Doug Best's Medical Terminology On-Line Class - 2/09

toetsvragen opleiding Groningen

Medical Terminology: Root Words

Levenscyclus M1

Question	Answer
Appendicular skeleton	Bones of the upper and lower limbs
Axial skeleton	Skull - cranium Vertebral column Ribs Sternum
Properties of vertebral column	Vertebrae + intervertebral discs + long and short ligaments Central, flexible structure Supported by muscles Contains the spinal cord Weightbearing axis Transmission of weight through the spine
Names of different vertebral regions	7 cervical C1-C7 12 Thoracic T1-T12 5 lumbar L1-L5 5 fused sacral - Sacrum 3-5 fused coccygeal - Coccyx
Curvatures of vertebral column	Cervical lordosis - secondary curvature - 15-30 degrees Thoracic kyphosis - primary curvature - 30 degrees Lumbar lordosis - secondary curvature - 45 degrees Sacral kyphosis - primary curvature - 30 degrees
Development of curvatures	Primary curvatures develop in the fetus Lumber lordosis - 6 months+ Cervical lordosis - when baby can support own head
Changes in curvature in pregnancy	Excessive lumbar lordosis in late pregnancy Weakness of anterior abdominal wall muscles' Due to changes in centre of gravity
Excessive thoracic kyphosis	Age related Collapse of vertebral bodies (osteoporosis) Curvature >30 degrees IV disc disease
Scoliosis	Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine Thoracic spine leans to the side Lumbar scoliosis can also occur Can combine to form thoraco-lumbar scoliosis
Development of the spine - segmentation	Crucial developmental process Body divided into repeating segments arranged on a longitudinal axis Axial skeleton and muscles develop from somites - segmental axial structures of embryo Each somite forms a sclerotome (bones) and dermomyotome
Development of segmental structures	Resegmentation of the sclerotomes to form vertebrae Each splits into cranial and caudal segments Segmental spinal nerves grow to innervate the myotomes - cranial segment of sclerotome recombines with caudal segment of next sclerotome
Regulation of segmentation	Somites are regionally specified HOX genes pattern the body axis - investigated in flies (leg/antenna study) Shh gene expressed in the notochord induces somite cells to form sclerotome
Typical lumbar structure	Anterior - body of vertebrae Pedicle connects body to arch Neural arch - transverse process, lamina, spinous process Has two articular facets to articulate with other vertebrae
Intervertebral joints - symphysis joints	With superior and inferior vertebrae
Intervertebral disc	Annulus fibrosus ring of collage covered fibrocartilage Layers in different directions Strong annulus limits rotation between vertebrae Nucleus pulpsosus - glycosaminoglycans for shock absorption and weightbearing
Intervertebral joints - Zygapophysial joints	Plane synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes Each joint has restricted range of movement Combination of all gliding and sliding movements gives a large range of movement - flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation etc
Vertebral column movements - Cervical	Articular facet joints lie on a loping, transverse plane Rotation, flexion/extension Small degree of lateral flexion is possible
Vertebral column movements - Thoracic	Articular facets lie on a coronal plane Rotation Limited flexion or extension due to presence of the limbs
Vertebral column movements - Lumbar	Articular facets aligned to a sagittal plane Flexion and extension Limited rotation
Movement at atlanto-occupital joint	Nodding
Movement at atlanto-axial joint	Extensive rotation
Long ligaments of the spine	Anterior longitudinal ligament Posterior longitudinal ligament Supraspinous ligament
Posterior Longitudinal ligament	Limits extension From base of the skull to the anterior surface of the sacrum Attached to intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies
Posterior Longitudinal ligament	Resist flexion Acts to restore head and spine to upright position Attached on posterior side of vertebrae
Supraspinous ligament	Ligamentum nuchae - between C7 and skull - strong abd thick triangle, base between occipital protuberance and foramen magnum, apex attached to spinous process of C7 Resists flexion and acts mechanically to restore the head to an upright position
Short ligaments of the spine	Ligamentum flavum Interspinous ligaments Intertransverse ligaments
Ligamentum flavum	Series of short ligaments Between lamina of the neural arches of vertebrae C2-S1 Resist flexion of vertebral column Elastic - helps to pull flexed vertebral column back into extension when flexor muscle relaxes
Interspinous ligaments	Between spinous processes Blending with supraspinous ligament
Intertransverse ligaments	Between transverse processes
Atlas C1	No body - became dens of C2 Anterior arch - articular facet for dens - transverse ligament of atlas Transverse process with foramen transversarium Superior articular facets - large, articulate with occipital condyle Posterior tubercle -spinous process
Axis C2	Body-large superior articular facets (articulate with inferior facets of atlas allowing rotation) No intervertebral disc between C1 and C2 Dens - reinforced by transverse ligament of atlas and 2 alar ligaments Transverse process Spinous process-bifid
Cervical vertebrae C3-C7	Body smaller that thoracic/lumbar Transverse process- foramen transversarium for vertebral arteries except C7 Anterior and posterior tubercles Spinous process-bifid C7 - long spinous process easily palpable - vertebra prominens
Thoracic vertebrae	Body heart shaped Superior and inferior costal hemi-facets for articulation with tow pairs of ribs (except final 3) Transverse process - facet for articulation with tubercle on neck of rib at same level Spinous process - not bifid
Lumbar vertebrae	Body kidney shaped Transverse processes - long Superior and inferior articular facets orientated to reduce rotational movement Spinous process - square L5 may fuse with S1 - sacralisation - leads to lower back pain
Sacrum	5 fused vertebrae Base articulate with L5 Apex points inferiorly- articulates with coccyx Pelvic surface - 8 anterior sacral foramina Posterior surface -8 posterior SF Median sacral crest Ala or wing of sacrum articulates with ilium-sacroiliac joint
Coccyx	3-5 fused rudimentary vertebrae Apex articulates with sacrum Base Transverse process Coccygeal horns - cornua
Contents of the vertebral spinal cord	Pia mater (internal) Subarachnoid space (contains CSF) Arachnoid mater (middle) Subdural space Dura mater (outer) Epidural space
Spinal nerves and Vertebral canal	C1 nerve emerges between skull and C1 C2-C7 nerves emerge above vertebral pedicles C8 nerve below pedicle of C7 T1- Co emerge below pedicles of respective vertebrae Spinal cord ends at L1/L2 - safe access below this
Termination of the spinal cord	Spinal cord ends at L1/L2 disc as conus medularis Cauda equine (spinal nerves L2-coccygeal) in the Cerebrospinal fluid filled lumbar cistern Dura mater tapers off at S2
Supracristal plane	Jacobys/Tuffiers line Intersects the L4 vertebrae L4/5 in most individuals Where spine can be safely accessed
Lumbar puncture	Skin Subcutaneous tissue Supraspinous ligament Interspinous ligament Ligamentus flavum Epidural space Dura matter Subdural space Arachnoid mater Sub-arachnoid space - CSF collected
Epidural injection	Skin Subcutaneous tissue Supraspinous ligament Interspinous ligament Ligamentus flavum Epidural space
Intervertebral disc herniation	Spinal nerve compression With age nucleus pulposus moves posteriorly in the disc Most common in lumbar region-posterolateral herniation Impacts spinal nerves of interventricular foramen below L4/L5 herniation - L5 nerve L5/S1 herniation - S1 nerve
Sciatica	Pain and paresthesias caused by irritation or compression of sciatic nerve (L4-S3) Irradiation from the lower back to the posterior part of the thigh, the leg and foot Most common cause- herniated or bulging disk and lumbar/sacral nerve root compression
Determination of spinal level	Cervical region - C7 vertebra prominens easily palpable Thoracic region - T12 spinous process is smaller than L1. Can also feel 12th rib Lumbar region - Sacrum between posterior borders of iliac bones, palpate in cranial direction to find L5
Imaging of spine	Cannot easily see C1 as it has no body The first visible vertebrae is therefore C2 White - CSF Vertebrae get smaller inferiorly Can visualise where lumbar puncture can be performed - no spinal cord