Medical terms 7
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| hypothalamus | the gateway between endocrine system and nervous system, controls the glands
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| pituitary gland | controlled by the hypothalamus, releases releasing hormones
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| thyroid gland | gland just behind the adam's apple, makes T3 and T4 and calcium controlling hormones
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| parathyroid gland | gland behind the thyroid, helps control calcium level
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| pancreas | sits below/behind the stomach, sends hormones that regulate blood sugar level. also sends enzymes into the intestines
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| adrenal gland | sits on top of kidneys, secretes adrenaline, also makes hormones that help maintain water and salt volume, also blood sugar levels
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| aden/o | root for gland
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| adren/o, adrenal/o | root for adrenal gland
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| cortic/o | root for outer surface
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| gonad/o | root for gonads (sex organs)
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| pancreat/o | root for pancreas
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| pituitar/o, hypophys/o | root for pituitary gland
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| thym/o | root for thymus
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| thyr/o, thyroid/o | root for thyroid
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| gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o | root for sugar
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| crin/o | root for to secrete
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| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | stimulates the outer part of the adrenal gland
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| thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) | stimulates the thyroid gland
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| luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | stimulate the gonads
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| T4, T3, calcitonin | 3 hormones the thyroid makes, controls metabolism and calcium levels
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| calcitonin | hormone that encourages the uptake of calcium in the blood into bone
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| parathyroid hormone | has opposite effect of calcitonin, helps calcium level from getting too low
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| insulin | decreases the level of sugar in blood
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| glucagon | works against insulin, tells liver to make more sugar, increases sugar in blood
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| epinephrine | adrenaline, made by inner part of adrenal gland
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| norepinephrine | similar to adrenaline
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| corticosteroids | hormones made by adrenal cortex, mineralcorticoids andglucocorticoids
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| glycemia | glucose level in blood
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| hyperglycemia | high glucose level in blood
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| hypoglycemia | low glucose level in blood
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| euglycemia | normal glucose level in blood
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| glucosuria | sugar found in urine
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| ketonuria | ketones found in urine
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| hormon/o | root for hormone
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| ket/o | root for ketone body
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| -tropin | suffix for stimulating hormone
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| -emia | suffix for blood condition
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| -uria | suffix for urine condition
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| acromegaly | extra growth disproportionate in the face and long bones in the body
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| hyperthyroidism | from an overactive thyroid, increases metabolism, weight loss, increased hunger, diarrhea, nervousness
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| hypothyroidism | weight gain, decreased energy, hair loss, decreased appetite, constipation
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| polydispia | excessive thirst
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| polyuria | excessive urination
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| polyphagia | constant hunger
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| adrenal virilism | overactive adrenal gland
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| hirsutism | facial hair
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| hypergonadism | hyperactive gonads
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| menarche | first period
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| thelarche | breast development
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| amenorrhea | lack of menstruation
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| gynecomastia | breast development in males
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| adenalgia | pain in a gland
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| adrenal virilism | development of male secondary sexual characteristics caused by excessive secretion of the adrenal gland
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| adrenarche | beginning of adrenal secretion (at puberty)
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| hirsutism | excessive growth of facial and body hair in women
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| hypogonadism | condition in which there is undersecretion of the sex glands
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| thelarche | beginning of breast development
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| hypoglycemic | pertaining to low blood sugar
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| pancreatalgia | pain in the pancreas
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| polydispia | excessive thirst
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| polyphagia | excessive eating
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| polyuria | excessive urination
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| acromegaly | abnormal enlargement of the extremities
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| galactorrhea | discharge of milk
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| pituitary dwarfism | abnormally short height caused by undersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland
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| pituitary gigantism | abnormally tall height caused by oversecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland
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| exophthalmos | protrusion of eyes out the eye socket
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| goiter | swollen thyroid gland
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| thyrocele | another name for goiter
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| thyromegaly | enlargement of the thyroid
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| thyroptosis | downward displacement/drooping of the thyroid
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| -tropin | suffix for hormone that "turns on" another organ
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| -emia | suffix for any lab level that represents a substance in the blood
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| acidemia | abnormal acidity of the blood
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| alkalemia | abnormal alkalinity of the blood
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| calciuria | calcium in the urine
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| chloremia | increased chloride in the blood
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| euglycemia | good blood sugar
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| glucosuria | sugar in the urine
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| hypercalcemia | excessive calcium in the blood
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| hypercholesterolemia | excessive cholesterol in the blood
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| hyperglycemia | high blood sugar
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| hyperkalemia | excessive potassium in the blood
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| hyperlipidemia | excessive fat in the blood
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| hypernatremia | excessive sodium in the blood
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| hyperphosphatemia | excessive phosphate in the blood
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| hypoglycemia | low blood sugar
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| ketonuria | ketone bodies in the urine
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| polyuria | excessive urination
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| uremia | presence of urinary waste in the blood
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| corticotropin | shorter name for adrenocorticotropic hormone
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| glucocorticoid | hormone produced by the adrenal cortex with a role in carb metabolism
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| thyrotropin | hormone that stimulates the thyroid
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| adenomegaly | abnormal enlargement of a gland
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| adrenomegaly | abnormal enlargement of the adrenal gland
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| euthyroid | normal functioning thyroid
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| gluconeogenesis | formation of glucose from noncarb sources
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| glycolysis | breakdown of sugar
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| glycopenia | deficiency of sugar
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| gonadogenesis | creation/development of gonads
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| metabolism | breakdown of matter into energy
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| endocrine | to secrete internally
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| endocrinologist | specialist in internal secretion
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| exocrine | to secrete externally
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| glycemic index | ranking of food based on the way it affects sugar levels in the blood
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| ketogenesis | creation of ketone bodies
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| thyroid function tests | tests performed to evaluate the function of the thyroid
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| cholangiopancreatography | procedure used to examine the bile ducts and pancreas
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| endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography | procedure used to examine the bile ducts and pancreas in which an endoscope is passed backward from the digestive tract into the bile duct
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| adenoma | tumor on a gland thats benign
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| adenocarcinoma | tumor on a gland that's malignant
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| adenitis | inflammation of a gland
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| adenopathy | gland disease
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| adenosis | gland condition
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| dysmetabolic syndrome | combination of medical disorders associated with faulty metabolism
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| ketosis | condition characterized by elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood
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| polyadenopathy | disease involving many glands
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| adrenal insufficiency | condition in which the adrenal glands underproduce necessary hormones
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| adrenalitis | inflammation of the adrenal gland
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| adrenocortical insufficiency | condition in which the adrenal cortex underproduces necessary hormones
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| adrenocorticohyperplasia | overdevelopment of the cortex of the adrenal gland
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| congenital adrenal hyperplasia | genetic disease in which the adrenal gland is overdeveloped, resulting in a deficiency of certain hormones and an overproduction of others
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| diabetes mellitus | metabolic disease characterized by excessive urination and hyperglycemia
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| diabetic ketoacidosis | acidity of the blood caused by the presence of ketone bodies produced when the body is unable to burn sugar, thus, it must burn fat for energy
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| pancreatic pseudocyst | abnormally expanded area in the pancreas resembling a cyst
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| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas
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| pancreatolith | stone in the pancreas
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| pancreatolithiasis | presence of a stone in the pancreas
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| hyperpituitarism | overfunctioning of the pituitary gland
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| hypophysitis | inflammation of the pituitary gland
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| hypopitulitarism | condition caused by the undersecretion of the pituitary gland
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| panhypopituitarism | defective or absent function of the entire pituitary gland
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| pituitary infarction | death of the pituitary gland
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| hyperparathyroidism | overproduction by the parathyroid glands
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| hyperthyroidism | overproduction by the thyroid
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| hypoparathyroidism | underproduction by the parathyroid
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| hypothyroidism | underproduction by the thyroid
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| thyroiditis | inflammation of the thyroid
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| thyrotoxicosis | condition caused by the exposure of body tissue to excessive levels of thyroid hormone
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| adenocarcinoma | cancerous tumor of a gland
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| adenoma | glandular tumor
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| adrenal adenoma | tumor of the adrenal gland
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| adrenocortical carcinoma | cancerous tumor originating in the cortex of the adrenal lgland
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| insulinoma | tumor that secretes insulin
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| parathyroidoma | tumor of the parathyroid
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| pituitary adenoma | tumor on the pituitary gland
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| thymoma | tumor of the thymus
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| continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion | continuous injection of insulin into the blood from a pump inserted under the skin
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| thyroidotoxin | substance poisonous to the thyroid gland
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| adenectomy | removal of a gland
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| ketogenic diet | diet that aids in the production of ketones in the body
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| thymectomy | removal of the thymus
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| adrenalectomy | removal of the adrenal gland
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| laparoscopic adrenalectomy | removal of an adrenal gland by means of a laparoscope (instrument inserted into the abdomen for viewing)
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| pancreatectomy | removal of the pancreas
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| pancreatolithectomy | removal of a stone in the pancreas
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| hypophysectomy | removal of the pituitary gland
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| parathyroidectomy | removal of the parathyroid
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| thyroidectomy | removal of the thyroid
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| thyroparathyroidectomy | removal of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
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| ACTH | adrenocorticotropic hormone
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| BS | blood sugar
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| CGM | continuous glucose monitor
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| DI | diabetes insipidus
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| DM | diabetes mellitus
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| ERCP | endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
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| FBS | fasting blood sugar
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| GDM | gestational diabetes mellitus
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| GH | growth hormone
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| GTT | glucose tolerance test
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| HgA1C | hemoglobin A1C test (used by patients with diabetes to monitor blood sugar levels
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| HRT | hormone replacement therapy
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| TFT | thyroid function test
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| TSH | thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)
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| T3 | triiodothyronine
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| T4 | thyroxine
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