APHG Unit 4 Government Barrons & Rubenstein
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| Antecedent boundaries | A boundary line established before an area is populated
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| Centrifugal forces | forces that tend to divide a country.
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| Centripetal forces | Forces that bond a country together.
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| Commonwealth of independent states | Confederacy of independent states of independent states of the former soviet Union that have united because of their common economic and administrative needs.
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| Compact state | A state that posses a roughly circular shape from which the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions.
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| Confederation | A form of an international organization that brings several autonomous states together for a common purpose.
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| Domino Theory | The idea that political destabilization in one country can lead to collapse of political stability in neighboring countries, setting off a chain reaction of collapse.
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| East/West Divide | Geographic separation between the largely democratic and free-market countries of Western Europe and the Americas from the communists and socialists countries of Eastern Europe and Asia
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| Electoral College | a certain number of electors from each state proportional to and seemingly representative of that state’s population.. Each elector chooses a candidate believing they are representing their constituency’s choice.
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| Electoral Vote | The decision of a particular state elector that represents the dominant views on that elector’s state.
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| Elongated State | A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape.
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| European Union | International organization comprised of Western European countries to promote free trade among members.
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| Exclave | A bounded territory that is part of a particular state but is separated from it by the territory of a different state.
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| Federalism | a system of government in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated within a central government.
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| Fragmented State | A state that is not contiguous whole but rather separated parts.
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| Frontier | An area where borders are shifting and weak and where peoples of different cultures or nationalities meet and lay claim to the land.
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| Geometric Boundary | Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.
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| Geopolitics | The study of interplay between political relations and the territorial context in which they occur.
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| Gerrymandering | The designation of voting districts so as to favor a political party or candidate.
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| Heartland theory | Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.
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| Imperialism | The perpetuation of a colonial empire even after it is no longer politically sovereign.
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| International Organization | An alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either’s autonomy or self determination.
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| Landlocked state | A state that is completely surrounded by the land of other states, which is bad for accessibility and trade.
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| Law of the sea | Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth’s seas and oceans and their resources.
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| Lebensraum | Hitler’s expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire living space for German people.
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| Microstate | A state or territory that is small in both size and population.
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| Nation | Tightly knit group of people sharing the same language ethnicity religion and other cultural attributes.
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| Nationalism | A sense of national pride to such extent as to exalt one nation above all others.
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| Nation-state | A country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity.
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| NAFTA | north American free trade agreement- Agreement signed on JAN. 1 1994, that allows the opening of borders between the United States Mexico and Canada.
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| NATO | North Atlantic treaty organization- An international organization that has joined together for military purposes.
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| North/South divide | The economic division between the wealthy countries of Europe and North America, Australia and Japan and generally poorer countries of Asia Africa and Latin America.
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| Organic Theory | The view that states resemble biological organisms with life cycles that include all stages of life.
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| OPEC | Organization of petroleum exporting countries- An internal economic organization whose member countries produce and export oil.
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| Perforated state | A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state.
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| Physical boundary | Political Boundaries that correspond with physical features such as mountains or rivers.
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| Political geography | The spatial analysis of political phenomena and processes.
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| Popular vote | The tally of each individuals vote within a specific geographic area.
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| Prorupted state | A state that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension, leading away from the main territory.
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| Reapportionment | The relocation of electoral seats to defined territories.
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| Rectangular State | A state whose territory is rectangular in shape.
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| Redistricting | The drawing of a new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes.
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| Rimland theory | Nicholas Spykman’s theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest.
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| Self-determination | The right of a nation to govern itself autonomously.
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| State | A politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by the international community.
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| States’ rights | Subsequent boundaries
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| Superimposed boundaries | Boundary line drawn in an area ignoring the existing cultural pattern.
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| Supranational organization | organization of 3 or more states to promote shared activities.
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| Territorial dispute | Any dispute over land ownership
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| Territorial organization | Political organization that distributes political power in more easily governed units of land.
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| Theocracy | A state whose government is either believed to be divinely guided or a state under the control of religious leaders.
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| United Nations | A global supranational organization established at the end of WWII to foster international security and cooperation.
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| Balance of power | Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.
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| Boundary | Invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory.
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| Colonialism | Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
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| Colony | A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent.
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| Compact state | A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.
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| Elongated state | A state with a long, narrow shape.
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| Federal state | An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.
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| Fragmented state | A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.
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| Frontier | zone separating two states in which neither state
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| zone separating two states in which neither state | Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
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| Imperialism | Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society.
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| Landlocked state | A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.
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| Microstate | A state that encompasses a very small land area. Migration Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.
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| Perforated state | A state that completely surrounds another one.
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| Prorupted state | An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension.
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| Sovereignty | Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.
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| State | An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government \\ith control over its internal and foreign affairs.
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| Unitary state | An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials.
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