FINAL REVIEW
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| The study of microorganisms and their place or role in their environment. environment | Microbiology
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| ___________ is any disruption of normal body functioning. | Disease
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| Microorganisms that cause disease are called | Pathogens
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| simple single celled organism and are found virtually everywhere. (Strep, staph) | Bacteria
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| Not celled, smaller & simpler structured than bacteria. They require a living cell to enter to reproduce. All viruses cause disease. | Viruses
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| Single celled animals. Most live in fresh water and consume bacteria, fungi & each other. | Protozoa
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| Unicellular or multicellular structure which decompose matter in soil, freshwater and help recycle nutrients. | Fungi
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| Multicellular animals. Most are free living and non pathogenic. Simple multicellular animals which live within hosts & use the host’s blood or nutrients as food. | Worms
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| multicellular animals which serve as vectors of disease. They carry pathogens from host to host when they bite to obtain blood. | Arthropods
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| Binomial nomenclature: The first word is capitalized and is the __________. | Genus
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| Binomial nomenclature: The second word is lower case and is the ___________. | species
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| Natural population of microorganisms living on or within us are called ______________. | Normal Flora
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| those species that live on or in nearly everyone almost all the time. They live in specific sites and do not cause disease. If they should leave their specific site they can and usually cause disease. These are known as ____________. | Resident Flora
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| Species that are found periodically on or in the body. | Transient Flora
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| ___________ is caused by microorganisms or by the products(toxins) of microorganisms. | Infectious disease
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| __________ is the ability of the pathogen to cause disease. | Virulence
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| ______ is total of the body’s defenses against pathogens. | Resistance
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| ___________ is a clinically apparent infection. Symptoms are evident and are measurable | Symptomatic
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| ___________ are subclinical or inapparent infections. Symptoms are not evident. | Asymptomatic
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| _____________ is someone who is asymptomatic but has the infection and can transmit it to others. Also called carriers | Reservoirs
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| List the course of infectious disease. | Incubation, Prodromal, Invasion, Acme, Recovery
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| What is incubation? | Period of exposure before symptoms appear
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| _____________ is when vague non specific symptoms may appear. | Prodromal
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| ___________ is when specific symptoms of the illness appear. | Invasion
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| This is the height or worst part of the disease. | Acme
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| When the host recovers from the disease or death occurs this is called what? | Recovery
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| When an infection is confined to one area of the body it is known as ___________. | Localized
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| When a pathogen has spread throughout the body by way of the lymph or blood it is called what? | Systemic
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| Define Bacteremia / Septicemia: | When bacteria are preset in the blood and are being circulated throughout the body.
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| When an infection begins abruptly and is severe it is called? | Acute
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| When an infection progresses slowly and may last for a long time it is called? | Chronic
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| A ________ infection is made possible by a primary infection that has lowered the host’s resistance. | Secondary
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| _________ infections are acquired in hospitals or other institutions. | Nosocomial
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| ___________ is an outbreak of a disease with more than the usual number of cases in a given period of time is classified as what? | Epidemic
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| _________ is an outbreak of a disease in a population with an expected or usual number of cases in a given period of time this is classified as what? | Endemic
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| Pandemic is defined as___________. | an epidemic that has spread throughout several countries
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| Define Zoonoses | animal disease that people acquire in certain circumstances. (Swine flu / Bird flu / Mad cow)
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| A _____________ is a disease which cannot be transmitted directly or indirectly from host to host. | Non-communicable
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| ___________ is when the pathogen may be transmitted directly or indirectly from host to host. | Communicable
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| Define Contagious. | A communicable disease that is easily spread from host to host by casual contac such as(cutaneous contact or respiratory droplets)
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| Define Antiseptic. | a chemical that destroys bacteria or inhibits their growth on a living being.
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| Disinfectant is ______________. | a chemical that is used on inanimate objects.
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| Bactericides do what? | kill bacteria by disrupting important metabolic processes
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| What do bacteriostatic chemicals do? | They do not destroy bacteria, but inhibit their reproduction and slow their growth.
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| The process that destroys all living organisms is called what? | Sterilization
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| Coccus have a ________ shape. | sphere
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| Bacillus are _____ shaped. | rod
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| Spirillum have what shape? | long cell with one or more curves
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| Staphylo have ____________ of cells | clusters
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| Strepto have _________ of cells | chains
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| Diplo have _____________ of cells | pairs
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| Which viruses can cross the placental barrier and affect a developing fetus? | German measles, HIV, Chicken Pox
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| Give an example of a virus that can cause initial infection and then go dormant and can reappear months or years later. | Herpes
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| Ectoparasites live where? | on the surface of the body
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| Give an example of an Arthropod? | Scabies, mites, head lice.
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| What is a vector? | Insects that carry and transfer disease.
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| _________ is an infection that originates within the body. | Endogenous
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| _______ are infections that originate from outside the body. | Exogenous
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| What is another name for a tumor? | Neoplasm
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| _____________ is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation. | Cancer
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| ____________ are invasive cells that multiply excessively & can infiltrate surrounding tissue. Tend to bleed, ulcerate, & become infected. Poorly differentiated & do not resemble the tissue of origin. Can metastasize. | Malignant Cancer
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| ______ tumors are non cancerous – develop slowly from any tissue, tend to remain encapsulated & do not infiltrate surrounding tissue. Well differentiated cells & resemble the tissue of origin. | Benign
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| How do we classify neoplasms? | Benign and Malignant
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| _____________ are characteristics of a malignant neoplasm? | multiply excessively & can infiltrate surrounding tissue. Tend to bleed, ulcerate and become infected. Poorly differentiated & do not resemble the tissue of origin.
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| _____________ are characteristics of a benign neoplasm? | non cancerous – develop slowly from any tissue, tend to remain encapsulated & do not infiltrate surrounding tissue. Well differentiated cells & resemble the tissue of origin.
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| What is the major cause of death in children & young adults? | Physical trauma
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| The most severe shock is called? | Anaphylaxis
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| Can gentic mutations only be caused spontaneously or are there other causes? | There are other causes.
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| Diffusion of molecules, requiring carrier enzymes is called? | Facilitated diffusion
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| Teh engulfing of something by a moving cell is called? | Phagocytosis
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| The engulfing of something by a stationary cells is called? | Pinocytosis
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| The diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane is called? | Osmosis
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| The movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration is? | Diffusion
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| Water & dissolved materials move through a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure is called? | Filtration
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| The use of energy to move molecules from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration is called? | Active Transport
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| Columnar cells with cilia on their free surface, forming tracheal lining sweeping mucous and bacteria towards the pharynx, and the fallopian tubes to sweep the ovum toward the uterus is? | Ciliated epithelium
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| Many layers of cells, surface cells are alternating round or flat which permits stretching of the urinary bladder as it fills. | Transitional epithelium
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| One layer of flat cells, forming the alveoli of the lungs, capillaries & permits gas exchange, also lines arteries and veins and is smooth to prevent abnormal clotting of the blood. | Simple squamous epithelium
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| Many layers of cells with cell surface being flat, forming the epidermis of the skin and the lining of the mouth and esophagus. | Stratified squamous
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| One layer of cube shaped cells, sereting the hormones of the thyroid gland and also secreting the saliva of salivary glands. | Simple cuboidal epithelium
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| One layer of cells that are taller than they are wide, forms the stomach lining and secreting gastric juices, also forms the lining of the small intestine and may have microvilli to increase the surface area of absorption of nutrients. | Simple columnar epithelium
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| Unicellular glands consist of only one cell, a common example would be a ______________ cell that secretes mucous. | Goblet
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| The name for nerve cells is ____________, and these cells are specialized to generate & transmit _________________. | Neuron, Electrochemical impulses
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| What is the function the cell body? | Brain center of the neuron houses the neucleus.
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| What is the function of the axon? (tail) | Send impulses away from the body.
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| What is the function of the dendrite? (arms) | Sends impulses toward the body.
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| What is the membrane that surrounds the outside of the chest cavity. | Parietal pleura
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| The lining that incases the lungs is called what? | Visceral pleura
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| What is the name of the membrane that lines the inside of the abdominal cavity? | Peritoneum
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| What is the lining that surrounds the stomach? | Mesentary
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| The sac that incases the heart is called what? | Visceral Pericardium
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| The most external lining around the heart is called what? | Parietal pericardium
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| What is a synapse? | The gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.
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| In the tendons & ligaments and are strong to withstand forces of movement are called what? | Fibrous Connective tissue
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| With in the walls of the trachea and supports to keep the airway open also on joint surfaces and is smooth to prevent friction this is what? | Cartilage
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| This is found in the subcutaneous layer and it stores excess energy and helps cushion eyes & kidneys what is this? | Adipose Tissue
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| This is found within blood vessels and it carries various cells and transports materials...what is it? | Blood
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| This is the wall of large arteries and it helps maintain blood pressure and promotes normal exhalation of the lungs. | Elastic Connective tissue
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| Found in the subcutaneous layer, it connects sking to muscles and has WBC to prevent pathogen entry. | Areolar Connective Tissue
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| This supports the body and protects internal organs and stores calcium. | Bone
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| Endocrine glands have ducts and their secrtetions such as hormones enter through capillaries and their ducts. True or False | False
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| Exocrine glands have no ducts and their secretions enter the body through capillaries such as the salivary glands and sweat glands. True or False | False
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| Define Mitosis | Cell division that takes palce in all cells except sex cells in order to reproduce.
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| Define Meiosis | Cell division of sex chromosomes...starts iwth 46 (diploid) and divides twice to make 23 (haploid). 23 male chromosomes and 23 female chromosomes.
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