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| specific immunity (adaptive/specific immunity) | Immune response to one molecule (antigen)
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| Antigen (Ag) | Molecules that stimulate an immune response by B and T cells
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| Classes of MHC - Class 2 | Machrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
-only on antigen presenting cells
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| Classes of MHC - Class 2 | Machrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
-only on antigen presenting cells
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| How does the immune system tell self from non self? | Clonal deletion - clones that react with self antigens in the bone marrow are eliminated
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| TFH | T follicular helper cells - B cell differentiation
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| T cytotoxic cell (Tc) | Binds and lyses infected cells and cancer cells
CD8 receptor binds to MHCI
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| B cell activation 2 | Plasma cells - secrete antibodies
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| Immunoglobulin structure | - Immunoglobulin (Ig) = antibody (Ab)
- immunoglobulin has a variable end (unique for each Ig) that binds to the antigen
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| Agglutination | Antibodies cross - link cells or particles into clumps
- renders microbes immobile
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| IgG | Only Ig to cross placenta
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| IgM | First to be synthesized during primary immune response
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| Secondary response | Re-exposure to the same immunogen (Anamnestic response)
Antibody synthesis, titer, and length of antibody persistence is rapid and amplified
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| Whole cell bacteria vaccines 1 | Live attenuated: contain live organisms whose virulence has been lessened
- these provide optimal immune response, but do not replicate and can be transferred to others
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| acne | Follicle- associated lesion
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| Impetigo | Caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes or a mixture of both
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| Gas Gangrene 1 | Bacterial infection - Clostridium perfringens
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| Chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (zoster) | Human Herpesvirus 3
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| Reye's syndrome | Auto immune disease sometimes seen following chicken pox and influenza
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| Measles (Rubeola) | Complications
- subacute sclerosis panencephalitis (SSPE)
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| Meningitis 1 | Haemophilus influenzae
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| Encephalitis | brain inflammation
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| west nile virus | -arbovirus
- Infects many mammals, birds and mosquitoes
- Transmitted by mosquitoes
- flu- like symptoms
- With or without encephalitis, it may be fatal
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| furious rabies | Agitation, disorientation, seizures, twitching, muscle spasms leading to hydrophobia (due to inability to swallow)
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| tetanus | Toxin causes high acetylcholine levels, resulting in prolonged muscle contractions
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| Acute endocarditis | Causative agents
- most common is staphylococcus aureus
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| Early symptom of Lyme disease... | Characteristic Bulls eye rash or lesion
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| Lyme disease causative agent | Borrelia burgdorferi
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| Mononucleosis | Primarily a viral infection
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
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| human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Kills infected helper T cells resulting in severe immunodeficiency
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| HIV therapy | integrase inhibitors prevent virus from becoming lysogenic
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| Complications of streptococcal infections if not treated rapidly with antibiotics... | Rheumatic fever
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| scarlet fever | erythrogenic toxin produced by the phage - causes a rash
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| Diphtheria | Bacterial infection ( Corynebacterium diphtheria)
Exotoxin ( produced by lysogenic phage)
- kills epithelial cells causing pseudo membrane (false)
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| Pseudomembrane formation on tonsils or pharynx may cause... | Respiratory blockage resulting in death
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| whooping cough | Bordetella pertussis (tussis = cough)
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| Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | Causes colds in most people
More serious respiratory tract symptoms in children and susceptible individuals
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| antigenic shift | (rapid change) involves gene exchange, which encode for viral glycoproteins, between different influenza viruses, thereby the new virus is no longer recognized by the human host
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| A tubercle in the lung is... | A granuloma consisting of a central core of TB bacteria inside an enlarged macrophage, and an outer wall of fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and neutrophils
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| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | Walking pneumonia
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| mumps | Classic gopher like swelling of the cheeks
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| H= | flagellar antigen
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| E. Coli 0157:H7 | Serious manifestations
- hemolytic uremic syndrome
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| Acute diarrhea with vomiting (food poisoning) caused by... | Staphylococcus aureus and clostridium perfringens
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| Hepatitis A | Inflammation of the liver
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| Trichinells spiralis | Transmitted by eating contaminated meat ( pork and wild game are major sources)
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| neisseria ghonorrhea | - May lead to infection of the fallopian tubes or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
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| Syphilis | Bacterial infection: Treponema pallidum
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| After chancre... | secondary syphilis develops, in which a skin rash forms on the trunk, arms, palms, and soles (rash is infectious).
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| Herpes simplex virus 2 | Infection remains latent, as the virus remains hidden in nucleus of nerve cells
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| Bakers yeast fungus... | Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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| aerobic fermentation | - Sugars broken down to produce carbon dioxide and water
- leavening (CO2 makes the bread rise)
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| Liquors distill fermentation product to obtain... | higher alcohol contents
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| dairy products | Lactobacillus and Streptococcus lactis ferment milk producing acid • Acid coagulates milk protein, producing
- Curd - the coagulated solid
- Whey - watery liquid remaining on surface
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| Lactobacillus acidophilus is often added after pasteurization to.. | Benefit digestion and help maintain normal biota of the intestines
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