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Question | Answer |
---|---|
specific immunity (adaptive/specific immunity) | Immune response to one molecule (antigen) |
Antigen (Ag) | Molecules that stimulate an immune response by B and T cells |
Classes of MHC - Class 2 | Machrophages, dendritic cells, B cells -only on antigen presenting cells |
Classes of MHC - Class 2 | Machrophages, dendritic cells, B cells -only on antigen presenting cells |
How does the immune system tell self from non self? | Clonal deletion - clones that react with self antigens in the bone marrow are eliminated |
TFH | T follicular helper cells - B cell differentiation |
T cytotoxic cell (Tc) | Binds and lyses infected cells and cancer cells CD8 receptor binds to MHCI |
B cell activation 2 | Plasma cells - secrete antibodies |
Immunoglobulin structure | - Immunoglobulin (Ig) = antibody (Ab) - immunoglobulin has a variable end (unique for each Ig) that binds to the antigen |
Agglutination | Antibodies cross - link cells or particles into clumps - renders microbes immobile |
IgG | Only Ig to cross placenta |
IgM | First to be synthesized during primary immune response |
Secondary response | Re-exposure to the same immunogen (Anamnestic response) Antibody synthesis, titer, and length of antibody persistence is rapid and amplified |
Whole cell bacteria vaccines 1 | Live attenuated: contain live organisms whose virulence has been lessened - these provide optimal immune response, but do not replicate and can be transferred to others |
acne | Follicle- associated lesion |
Impetigo | Caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes or a mixture of both |
Gas Gangrene 1 | Bacterial infection - Clostridium perfringens |
Chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (zoster) | Human Herpesvirus 3 |
Reye's syndrome | Auto immune disease sometimes seen following chicken pox and influenza |
Measles (Rubeola) | Complications - subacute sclerosis panencephalitis (SSPE) |
Meningitis 1 | Haemophilus influenzae |
Encephalitis | brain inflammation |
west nile virus | -arbovirus - Infects many mammals, birds and mosquitoes - Transmitted by mosquitoes - flu- like symptoms - With or without encephalitis, it may be fatal |
furious rabies | Agitation, disorientation, seizures, twitching, muscle spasms leading to hydrophobia (due to inability to swallow) |
tetanus | Toxin causes high acetylcholine levels, resulting in prolonged muscle contractions |
Acute endocarditis | Causative agents - most common is staphylococcus aureus |
Early symptom of Lyme disease... | Characteristic Bulls eye rash or lesion |
Lyme disease causative agent | Borrelia burgdorferi |
Mononucleosis | Primarily a viral infection - Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) |
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Kills infected helper T cells resulting in severe immunodeficiency |
HIV therapy | integrase inhibitors prevent virus from becoming lysogenic |
Complications of streptococcal infections if not treated rapidly with antibiotics... | Rheumatic fever |
scarlet fever | erythrogenic toxin produced by the phage - causes a rash |
Diphtheria | Bacterial infection ( Corynebacterium diphtheria) Exotoxin ( produced by lysogenic phage) - kills epithelial cells causing pseudo membrane (false) |
Pseudomembrane formation on tonsils or pharynx may cause... | Respiratory blockage resulting in death |
whooping cough | Bordetella pertussis (tussis = cough) |
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | Causes colds in most people More serious respiratory tract symptoms in children and susceptible individuals |
antigenic shift | (rapid change) involves gene exchange, which encode for viral glycoproteins, between different influenza viruses, thereby the new virus is no longer recognized by the human host |
A tubercle in the lung is... | A granuloma consisting of a central core of TB bacteria inside an enlarged macrophage, and an outer wall of fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and neutrophils |
Mycoplasma pneumoniae | Walking pneumonia |
mumps | Classic gopher like swelling of the cheeks |
H= | flagellar antigen |
E. Coli 0157:H7 | Serious manifestations - hemolytic uremic syndrome |
Acute diarrhea with vomiting (food poisoning) caused by... | Staphylococcus aureus and clostridium perfringens |
Hepatitis A | Inflammation of the liver |
Trichinells spiralis | Transmitted by eating contaminated meat ( pork and wild game are major sources) |
neisseria ghonorrhea | - May lead to infection of the fallopian tubes or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) |
Syphilis | Bacterial infection: Treponema pallidum |
After chancre... | secondary syphilis develops, in which a skin rash forms on the trunk, arms, palms, and soles (rash is infectious). |
Herpes simplex virus 2 | Infection remains latent, as the virus remains hidden in nucleus of nerve cells |
Bakers yeast fungus... | Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
aerobic fermentation | - Sugars broken down to produce carbon dioxide and water - leavening (CO2 makes the bread rise) |
Liquors distill fermentation product to obtain... | higher alcohol contents |
dairy products | Lactobacillus and Streptococcus lactis ferment milk producing acid • Acid coagulates milk protein, producing - Curd - the coagulated solid - Whey - watery liquid remaining on surface |
Lactobacillus acidophilus is often added after pasteurization to.. | Benefit digestion and help maintain normal biota of the intestines |