AP HUG UNIT 5
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Agriculture | modifying the environment to raise plants or animals for food or other uses’
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| Mediterranean climate | hot/dry-summer climate, mild winter and a defined rainy season that produces certain fruits, vegetables, and grains such as grapes, olives, figs, dates, tomatoes, zucchini, wheat and barley
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| Tropical climate | hot, humid climate that produces certain plants, such as cassava, banana, sugar cane, sweet potato, papaya, rice, maize
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| Extensive agriculture | agriculture that uses small amounts of labor on a large area of land
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| Intensive agriculture | agriculture that uses a lot of labor on a small area of land
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| Clustered | a pattern of rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each others' fields and surround the settlement.
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| Dispersed | settlement pattern with people living relatively far from each other on their farms
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| Linear settlement | a rural land use pattern that creates a long, narrow settlement around a river, coast, or road that looks like a line
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| Surveying | examining and measuring the surface of the Earth for planning, preparing to build, or mapping
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| Metes and bounds | a system of describing parcels of land where the metes are the lines (including angle and distance that surround the property) and bound describes features such as a river or public road
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| Long Lot | a rural land use pattern that divides land into long, narrow lined up along a waterway or road
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| Township and range | a system of dividing large parcels of where the townships describe how far north or south from the center point
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| Fertile Crescent | a crescent-shaped area in Southwest Asia where settled farming first began to emerge leading leading to the rise of cities
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| Columbian Exchange | a widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases, and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres that was launched by Columbus's voyages
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| First Agricultural Revolution | time when people first domesticate plants and animals which allows people to live in one place
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| Domestication | the process of taming plants or animals for human use
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| Agricultural Hearths | The separate locations in which groups of people began to domesticate plants and animals.
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| Commonalities Among Agricultural Hearths | Fertile soil in river valleys, availability of water, moderate climates, and collective societal structures
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| Second Agricultural Revolution | coincides with the Industrial Revolution; increasing yield and access through machines and transportation
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| Second Agricultural Revolution caused by? | Caused by the industrial revolution and the enclosure movement
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| Second Agricultural Revolution effects | Effects of the Second Agricultural Revolution:
New technology, Led to increased food production, Better diet, longer life, and more people available for work in factories, Shifting demographics (moving to cities, less farmers)
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| Enclosure Movement | Series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use which had previously been communal land used by peasant farmers.
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| Urbanization | Mass migration of people into the cities to work in newly emerging factories.
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| Green Revolution | the spread of new technologies like high yield seeds and chemical fertilizers to the developing world in the 1960s and 1970s
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| Green Revolution Positives | Able to grow more crops on same amount of land which decreases food prices
More crops grown on same size land
Improvement in variety
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| Green Revolution Negatives | Destroying local land and traditional modes of agricultural production
Decreasing biodiversity (hybrid seeds diminish local plant diversity)
Impact of chemical
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| Biotechnology | is the application of scientific techniques to modify and improve plants, animals, and microorganisms to enhance their value.
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| Subsistence Agriculture | only enough food is cultivated to survive (no surplus)
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| Commercial Agriculture | the production of crop for sale and profit
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| Monoculture | Growing one crop in a farm system at a given time
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| Mono-Cropping | Growing one crop in a farm system year after year.
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| Bid-rent theory | a geographic theory that states the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases
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| Commodity Chain | activities involved in the creation of a product: design, production of raw materials, manufacturing and assembly, distribution
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| Agribusiness | system of commercial agriculture that links various industries to the farm
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| Economies of scale | cost advantages that come producing a large amount of an item
( the more you have of something the costs go down so their profit goes up)
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| Von Thünen’s model | helps to explain rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from the market
Von Thünen’s rings distribute various farming activities into concentric rings around a central market city.
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| 1st Inner circle on Von Thunen's model | Dairy and gardening is close to the center because it is a perishable good, where the farmer can maximize the profit, intensive agriculture
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| 2nd circle on Von Thunen's model | Forests are close to the market, because people need it for fuel and This needed to be close and is expensive to transport
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| 3rd circle on Von Thunen's model | Extensive agriculture (grains, field crops) do not perish as quickly as vegetables and milk and need plenty space to grow
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| 4th circle on Von Thunen's model | Livestock and ranching further from the market for cheap land (need more of it and transportation is cheap)
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| Global Supply Chain | a worldwide network to maximize profits in production
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| Export commodity | goods sent from one country to another for sale ( Some countries have become highly dependent on one or more export commodities including Haitian coffee, Sri Lankan Tea, and Cuban Sugar)
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| Pollution | process by which soil is contaminated by chemicals
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| Land cover change | process by which agricultural areas are lost to development
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| Conservation | the protection of wildlife and natural resources
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| Deforestation | human-driven and natural loss of trees for not forest use
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| Desertification | the process of a dry area becoming drier and losing vegetation
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| Irrigation | moving water to where you need it
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| Draining Wetlands | drainage for agricultural practices
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| Pastoral nomadism | herding animals and migrating with them to find pasture areas without a permanent pasture area
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| Soil salinization | the slow build up of salt in soil, particularly in irrigated areas, that makes soil unable to grow plants
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| Terrace farming | method of growing crops on the sides of hills or mountains by planting on man-made steps (terraces)
Changing Diets: MDCs continue their demand for meat, LDCs see an increase in their demand for meat, as well as convenient, processed food.
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| Agricultural Biotechnology | the use of scientific tools and techniques to modify plants and animals (Pesticide resistant crops, Antibiotics, Biofuels)
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| GMO | plants or animals whose DNA has been genetically modified, often through a combination of DNA from similar plant or animal species for desired traits.
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| Aquaculture | raising of fish and shellfish in ponds and controlled saltwater hatcheries raising of fish and shellfish in ponds and controlled saltwater hatcheries
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| Value Added Foods | foods that have increased in value due to alterations in production, size, shape, appearance, location, and/or convenience
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| Organic Farming: | crops produced without the use synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers or genetically engineered seeds
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| Fair Trade | trade between MDC and LDC in which fair prices are paid to the producers
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| community-supported agriculture (CSA) | individuals who pledge support to a farm operation so that growers and consumers provide mutual support
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| Urban farming | integrating growing crops or raising animals into an urban ecosystem
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| Dietary Shifts | movement from processed foods, meat, and sugars towards one more based in fruits and vegetables
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| Food Insecurity | the state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food
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| Food Desert | geographic area where large grocery stores are scarce or missing and residents have limited access to fresh nutritious foods. Typically found in urban, low-income neighborhoods
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| Weather | agricultural production is affected by high temperatures, drought, flooding, storms, freezes
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| Explain geographic variations in female roles in food production and consumption. | Women are frequently denied loans or financial support, cannot afford tuition or fees; or rural communities lack funding to provide schools. etc. LOOK AT CED FOR MORE EX
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| Plantation Agriculture | A plantation specializes in one crop that is transported for sale on the global market.(Intensive)
Climate: Tropical
Types of Crops: Commodity & speciality
crops such as cacao, coffee, rubber,
sugarcane, bananas, tobacco, tea,
coconuts & cotton
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| Mixed Crop/Livestock | Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed by humans(Intensive)
Climate: Cold & Warm Mid-Latitude
Types of Crops: Corn, grains, & soybeans
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| Shifting Cultivation | Farmers move from one field to
another(Extensive)
rice, maize (corn), millet and sorghum
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| Nomadic Herding | Nomads move herds to different pastures and trade meat, milk, and hides. Rely upon animals for survival, not profit. (Extensive)Climate:Drylands/Desert
Types of Livestock: Cattle, Camels, Reindeer, Goats, Yaks, Sheep, Horses
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| Ranching | Commercial grazing of livestock. Eventually they will be sent to feedlots and then be sent to slaughter. Climate:Drylands/Desert
Types of Livestock: Cattle, Goats, Sheep
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| Commercial Grain Farming | Crops are grown primarily for human consumption.Farms sell their output to manufacturers of food products, such as breakfast cereals and bread. (Extensive)Climate: Mid-Latitudes, too dry for mixed crop & livestock
Types of Crops: Wheat
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