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AP HUG UNIT 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Agriculture | modifying the environment to raise plants or animals for food or other uses’ |
| Mediterranean climate | hot/dry-summer climate, mild winter and a defined rainy season that produces certain fruits, vegetables, and grains such as grapes, olives, figs, dates, tomatoes, zucchini, wheat and barley |
| Tropical climate | hot, humid climate that produces certain plants, such as cassava, banana, sugar cane, sweet potato, papaya, rice, maize |
| Extensive agriculture | agriculture that uses small amounts of labor on a large area of land |
| Intensive agriculture | agriculture that uses a lot of labor on a small area of land |
| Clustered | a pattern of rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each others' fields and surround the settlement. |
| Dispersed | settlement pattern with people living relatively far from each other on their farms |
| Linear settlement | a rural land use pattern that creates a long, narrow settlement around a river, coast, or road that looks like a line |
| Surveying | examining and measuring the surface of the Earth for planning, preparing to build, or mapping |
| Metes and bounds | a system of describing parcels of land where the metes are the lines (including angle and distance that surround the property) and bound describes features such as a river or public road |
| Long Lot | a rural land use pattern that divides land into long, narrow lined up along a waterway or road |
| Township and range | a system of dividing large parcels of where the townships describe how far north or south from the center point |
| Fertile Crescent | a crescent-shaped area in Southwest Asia where settled farming first began to emerge leading leading to the rise of cities |
| Columbian Exchange | a widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases, and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres that was launched by Columbus's voyages |
| First Agricultural Revolution | time when people first domesticate plants and animals which allows people to live in one place |
| Domestication | the process of taming plants or animals for human use |
| Agricultural Hearths | The separate locations in which groups of people began to domesticate plants and animals. |
| Commonalities Among Agricultural Hearths | Fertile soil in river valleys, availability of water, moderate climates, and collective societal structures |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | coincides with the Industrial Revolution; increasing yield and access through machines and transportation |
| Second Agricultural Revolution caused by? | Caused by the industrial revolution and the enclosure movement |
| Second Agricultural Revolution effects | Effects of the Second Agricultural Revolution: New technology, Led to increased food production, Better diet, longer life, and more people available for work in factories, Shifting demographics (moving to cities, less farmers) |
| Enclosure Movement | Series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use which had previously been communal land used by peasant farmers. |
| Urbanization | Mass migration of people into the cities to work in newly emerging factories. |
| Green Revolution | the spread of new technologies like high yield seeds and chemical fertilizers to the developing world in the 1960s and 1970s |
| Green Revolution Positives | Able to grow more crops on same amount of land which decreases food prices More crops grown on same size land Improvement in variety |
| Green Revolution Negatives | Destroying local land and traditional modes of agricultural production Decreasing biodiversity (hybrid seeds diminish local plant diversity) Impact of chemical |
| Biotechnology | is the application of scientific techniques to modify and improve plants, animals, and microorganisms to enhance their value. |
| Subsistence Agriculture | only enough food is cultivated to survive (no surplus) |
| Commercial Agriculture | the production of crop for sale and profit |
| Monoculture | Growing one crop in a farm system at a given time |
| Mono-Cropping | Growing one crop in a farm system year after year. |
| Bid-rent theory | a geographic theory that states the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases |
| Commodity Chain | activities involved in the creation of a product: design, production of raw materials, manufacturing and assembly, distribution |
| Agribusiness | system of commercial agriculture that links various industries to the farm |
| Economies of scale | cost advantages that come producing a large amount of an item ( the more you have of something the costs go down so their profit goes up) |
| Von Thünen’s model | helps to explain rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from the market Von Thünen’s rings distribute various farming activities into concentric rings around a central market city. |
| 1st Inner circle on Von Thunen's model | Dairy and gardening is close to the center because it is a perishable good, where the farmer can maximize the profit, intensive agriculture |
| 2nd circle on Von Thunen's model | Forests are close to the market, because people need it for fuel and This needed to be close and is expensive to transport |
| 3rd circle on Von Thunen's model | Extensive agriculture (grains, field crops) do not perish as quickly as vegetables and milk and need plenty space to grow |
| 4th circle on Von Thunen's model | Livestock and ranching further from the market for cheap land (need more of it and transportation is cheap) |
| Global Supply Chain | a worldwide network to maximize profits in production |
| Export commodity | goods sent from one country to another for sale ( Some countries have become highly dependent on one or more export commodities including Haitian coffee, Sri Lankan Tea, and Cuban Sugar) |
| Pollution | process by which soil is contaminated by chemicals |
| Land cover change | process by which agricultural areas are lost to development |
| Conservation | the protection of wildlife and natural resources |
| Deforestation | human-driven and natural loss of trees for not forest use |
| Desertification | the process of a dry area becoming drier and losing vegetation |
| Irrigation | moving water to where you need it |
| Draining Wetlands | drainage for agricultural practices |
| Pastoral nomadism | herding animals and migrating with them to find pasture areas without a permanent pasture area |
| Soil salinization | the slow build up of salt in soil, particularly in irrigated areas, that makes soil unable to grow plants |
| Terrace farming | method of growing crops on the sides of hills or mountains by planting on man-made steps (terraces) Changing Diets: MDCs continue their demand for meat, LDCs see an increase in their demand for meat, as well as convenient, processed food. |
| Agricultural Biotechnology | the use of scientific tools and techniques to modify plants and animals (Pesticide resistant crops, Antibiotics, Biofuels) |
| GMO | plants or animals whose DNA has been genetically modified, often through a combination of DNA from similar plant or animal species for desired traits. |
| Aquaculture | raising of fish and shellfish in ponds and controlled saltwater hatcheries raising of fish and shellfish in ponds and controlled saltwater hatcheries |
| Value Added Foods | foods that have increased in value due to alterations in production, size, shape, appearance, location, and/or convenience |
| Organic Farming: | crops produced without the use synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers or genetically engineered seeds |
| Fair Trade | trade between MDC and LDC in which fair prices are paid to the producers |
| community-supported agriculture (CSA) | individuals who pledge support to a farm operation so that growers and consumers provide mutual support |
| Urban farming | integrating growing crops or raising animals into an urban ecosystem |
| Dietary Shifts | movement from processed foods, meat, and sugars towards one more based in fruits and vegetables |
| Food Insecurity | the state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food |
| Food Desert | geographic area where large grocery stores are scarce or missing and residents have limited access to fresh nutritious foods. Typically found in urban, low-income neighborhoods |
| Weather | agricultural production is affected by high temperatures, drought, flooding, storms, freezes |
| Explain geographic variations in female roles in food production and consumption. | Women are frequently denied loans or financial support, cannot afford tuition or fees; or rural communities lack funding to provide schools. etc. LOOK AT CED FOR MORE EX |
| Plantation Agriculture | A plantation specializes in one crop that is transported for sale on the global market.(Intensive) Climate: Tropical Types of Crops: Commodity & speciality crops such as cacao, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, bananas, tobacco, tea, coconuts & cotton |
| Mixed Crop/Livestock | Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed by humans(Intensive) Climate: Cold & Warm Mid-Latitude Types of Crops: Corn, grains, & soybeans |
| Shifting Cultivation | Farmers move from one field to another(Extensive) rice, maize (corn), millet and sorghum |
| Nomadic Herding | Nomads move herds to different pastures and trade meat, milk, and hides. Rely upon animals for survival, not profit. (Extensive)Climate:Drylands/Desert Types of Livestock: Cattle, Camels, Reindeer, Goats, Yaks, Sheep, Horses |
| Ranching | Commercial grazing of livestock. Eventually they will be sent to feedlots and then be sent to slaughter. Climate:Drylands/Desert Types of Livestock: Cattle, Goats, Sheep |
| Commercial Grain Farming | Crops are grown primarily for human consumption.Farms sell their output to manufacturers of food products, such as breakfast cereals and bread. (Extensive)Climate: Mid-Latitudes, too dry for mixed crop & livestock Types of Crops: Wheat |
Created by:
JuliR
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