the digestive System
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| Abdominocentesis | surgical puncture through the abdominal wall to remove fluid; also known as paracentesis
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| Anorexia nervosa | emotional eating disorder in which the patient avoids food due to a compulsion to become thin in appearance
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| antacid | an agent that reduces the acidity of the stomach cavity
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| Antiemetic | a drug that prevents or stops the vomiting reflex
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| antispasmodic | a drug that reduces peristalsis activity in the GI tract
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| Aphagia | inability to swallow; means without eating
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| appendectomy | surgical removal of the appendix
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| appendicitis | inflammation of the appendix
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| ascites | an accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity that produces an enlarged abdomen
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| botulism | life-threatening food-borne illness caused by clostridium botulinum
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| bulimia | eating disorder involving repeated gorging with food followed by induced vomiting or laxative abuse
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| cathartic | An agent that stimulates strong waves of peristalsis of the colon
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| cheilitis | inflammation of the lip
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| cheilorrhaphy | procedure of suturing a lip
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| cheilosis | condition of the lip that involves splitting of the skin on the lips and at the corners of the mouth
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| cholecystectomy | surgical removal of the gallbladder
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| cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder, usually caused by gallstones lodged within it
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| cholecystography | procedure of producing an X-ray image, or cholecystogram, of the gallbladder
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| choledochitis | inflammation of the common bile duct
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| choledocholithiasis | presence of stones within the common bile duct
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| choledocholithotomy | surgery that involves the removal of one or more obstructive gallstones from the common bile duct
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| cholelithiasis | generalized condition of stones lodged within the gallbladder or bile ducts
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| cirrhosis | chronic, progressive live disease characterized by the gradual loss of liver cells and their replacement by fat and other forms of connective tissue
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| cleft palate | a congenital defect in which the bones supporting the roof of the mouth or hard palate, fail to fuse during fetal development, leaving a space between the oral cavity and nasal cavity
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| colectomy | surgical removal of a segment of the colon
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| colitis | inflammation of the colon; chronic bleeding- bloody diarrhea- ulcerative colitis
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| colorectal cancer | cancer of the colon and the rectum; often arises as a polyp and becomes an aggresive metastatic tumor
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| colostomy | surgical creation of an opening in the colon to serve as an artificial anus
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| constipation | infrequent or incomplete bowel movements
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| crohn's disease | chornic inflammation of any part of the GI tract that involves ulcerations, scar tissue formation, and thickening adhesions of the organ wall, also known as regional ileitis and regional enteritis
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| Diarrhea | frequent discharge of watery fecal material
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| direct inguinal hernia | type of hernia that is a protrusoin into the scrotal cavity in males
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| diverticula | small pouches that form on the wall of the colon; often present without symptoms or with mild bowel discomfort known as diverticulosis
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| diverticulitis | condition of inflammation of divertucula, the small pouches on the wall of the colon
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| diverticulosis | presence of small pouches called diverticula on the wall of the colon; pften without symptoms or with mild bowel discomfort
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| duodenal ulcer | ulcer or erosion in the wall of the duodenum of the small intestine
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| dysentery | acute inflammation of the GI tract that is caused by bacteria, protozoa, or chemical irritants
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| dyspepsia | commonly called indigestion, it is accompanied by stomach or esophageal pain or discomfort
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| dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing
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| enteritis | inflammation of the small or large intestine
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| esophagitis | inflammation of the esophagus often caused by acid reflux
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| esophagomalacia | morbid softening of the esophageal wall caused by chronic esophagitis
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| fecal occult blood test ( FOBT) | clinical lab test performed to detect blood in the feces
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| flatulence | gas expelled through the anus
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| flatus | presence of gas or air in the GI tract
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| food-born illness | ingestion of food contaminated with harmful bacteria; can cause symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting;clostidium botulinum causes the food-borne illness know as botulism
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| GI endoscopy | visual examination of the GI tract made possible by the use of an endoscope
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| GI series | radiographic examination of the GI tract
barium swallow, barium shake, or barium meal ( upper gi) or barium enema (BE) ( lower GI)
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| Gastralgia | another term for gastrodynia or stomach pain
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| gastrectasis | abnormal streching of the stomach
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| gastrectomy | surgical removal of part of the stomach or, in extreme cases, the entire organ
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| gastric cancer | an aggressive, metastatic cancer arising from cells lining the stomach; commonly known as stomach cancer
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| gastric lavage | cleansing procedure in which the stomach is irrigated with the prescribed solution
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| Gastric ulcer | ulcer or erosion in the wall of the stomach
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| gastritis | inflammation of the stomach
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| gastroduodenitis | inflammation of the stomach and the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine
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| gastrodynia | symptoms of stomach pain, also known as gastralgia
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| gastroenteritis | inflammation of the stomach and small intestine
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| gastroenterocolitis | inflammation of the stomach, small intestine, and colon
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| gastroenterologist | physician who treats disease of the stomach or intestines
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| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | recurring reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus
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| gastromalacia | softening of the stomach wall
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| gastromegaly | abnormal enlargement of the stomach
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| gavage | process of feeding a patient through a tube inserted into the nose that extends through the esophagus to enter the stomach
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| Giardiasis | infection by the intestinal protozoa giardia intestinalis or giardia lamblia: produces symptoms of diarrhea, cramps, nausea and vomiting
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| gingivectomy | surgical removal of diseased tissue in the gums or gingiva
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| gingivitis | inflammation of the gums or gingiva
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| glossitis | inflammation of the tongue often caused by exposure to allergen, toxic substances, or extreme heat or cold
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| glossopathy | disease of the tongue
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| glossorrhaphy | surgical repair of the tongue
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| halitosis | condition of bad breath
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| head and neck specialist | physician who treats disease of the mouth or throat
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| hematemesis | vomiting blood,a sign of sever digestive disorder
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| hemmorrhoidectomy | surgical removal of hemmorrhoids
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| hemorrhoids | varicose, or swollen, condition of the veins in the anus that produces painful swelling that may break open and bleed
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| hepatitis | viral-induced inflammation of the liver; the five known forms are categorized with the letters A through E
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| hepatobiliary specialist | physician who treats disease of the liver
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| hepatoma | tumor arising from cells within the liver; also called hepatocellular carcinoma or HCC
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| hepatomegaly | abnormal enlargement of the liver
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| hiatal hernia | protrusion of the cardiac portion of the stomach through the hiatus of the diaphragm to enter the thoracic cavity
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| lleostomy | surgical creation of an opening through the abdominal wall and into the ileum of the small intestine to establish an alternative anus for the passage of feces
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| inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) | includes the conditions uncerative colitis and crohn's disease
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| inguinal hernia | type of hernia that involves a protrusion of a segment of the intestine through the abdominal wall in the inguinal region
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| internal medicine | area of medicine that treats digestive disorders
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| intusseusception | condition of infolding of a segment of the small intestine within another segment
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| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | Chronic disease characterized by periodic disturbances or large intestinal bowel function without clear physical damage
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| jaundice | yellowish-orange coloration of the skin, sclera or the eyes, and deeper tissues that is collective sign of liver disease
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| Lactose intolerance | lack of an enzyme in the small intestine that breaks down lactose, the primary sugar in milk and milk products
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| Laparotomy | surgical procedure that involves an incision through the abdominal wall, often from the base of the sternum to the pubic bone
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| lipopenia | life-threatening malabsorption snydrome that involves the inability to absorb fat molecules
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| malabsorption syndrome | disorder characterized by difficulty in absorbing one or more nutrients
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| Mumps | common term for parotitis; inflammation of one or both parotid glands that is caused by a virus
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| Nausea | symptom of dizziness that includes an urge to vomit
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| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas
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| parotitis | inflammation of one or both parotid glands; if caused by a virus, it is usually referred to as mumps
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| peptice ulcer | erosion into the inner wall of an organ along the GI tract
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| peritonitis | inflammation of the extensive membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of its organs
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| polyp | abnormal mass of tissue that projects from the wall of the organ into the interior like a mushroom
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| polypectomy | surgical removal of polyps
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| polyposis | condition of polyps usually occurring in the colon or rectum of the large intestine; increase the risk for colorectal cancer
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| proctitis | inflammation of the anus, and usually the rectum as well
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| proctologist | physician who treats disease of the rectum
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| proctoptosis | prolapse of the rectum
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| pyloroplasty | surgical repair of the pylorus region of the stomach, which may include repair of the pyloric valve
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| reflux | backward flow of the material in the GI tract; also known as regurgitation
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| regional enteritis | chronic inflammation of any part of the GI tract that involves ulcerations, scar tissue formation, and thickening adhesions of the organ wall; also known as regional ileitis or crohns disease
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| regional ileitis | chronic inflammation of any part of the GI tract
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| Sialoadenitis | inflammation of one or both parotid glans; also known as parotitis or mumps
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| steatorrhea | abnormal levels of fat in the feces; means discharge of fat
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| Stool culture and sensitivity (SCS) | test that includes obtaining tool (fecal) samples, using the samples to grow microorganisms in culture, and identifying the microorganisms
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| strangulated hernia | hernia that restricts blood flow to the protruding organ, requiring medical intervention to avoid the loss of the affected organ
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| ulcerative colitis | condition of chronice bleeding of the colon wall, forming bloody disrrhea; a form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
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| umbilical hernia | hernia that involves a protrusion of a small intestinal segment through a tear in the membrane covering the abdominal wall at the umbilical (navel) region
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| vagotomy | the surgical dissection of branches of the vagus nerve to reduce acid secretion in the stomach
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| volvulus | servere twisting of the intestine that leads to obstruction
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