Gastrointestinal tract
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| bands of fibrous tissue that form subsequent to an inflammation, and bind adjacent tissues together | adhesions
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| method for treating obesity by applying an adjustable gastric band to the stomach in order to reduce its capacity, thereby promoting weight loss | adjustable gastric banding
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| excessive self-induced weight loss because of a false perception of being fat | anorexia nervosa
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| tooth decay | caries
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| loss of tooth structure caused by the combined action of mouth bacteria & organic acids derived from bacterial fermentation of retained food particles | cavity
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| defect in upper lip of variable degrees, as result of developmental disturbance | cleft lip
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| defect in hard palate allowing communication between oral cavity & nasal cavity, as result by developmental disturbance | cleft palate
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| inflammation of the colon | colitis
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| masses of bacteria, bacterial products, & salivary proteins adherent to teeth, which predisposes to tooth decay | dental plaque
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| bony structure of the tooth | dentine
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| diverticulitis | inflammation of a diverticulum
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| condition characterized by an outpouching of colonic mucosa through weak areas in the muscular wall | diverticulosis
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| outpouching from an organ, which projects through the muscular wall | diverticulum
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| inflammation of the intestine | enteritis
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| operation to treat massive obesity in which capacity of the stomach is reduced | gastric bypass
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| varicosities of anal & rectal veins | hemorrhoids
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| protrusion of a loop of bowel through a narrow opening, usually in the abdominal wall | hernia
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| surgical procedure performed on small intestine to promote weight loss | ileal bypass
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| congenital absence of anal opening, often associated with absence of distal rectum as well | imperforate anus
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| telescoping of one segment of bowel into an adjacent segment | intussusception
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| an incompetent lower gastroesophageal sphincter & cardiospasms causing gastric secretions leak back into the esophagus can cause | reflux esophagitis
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| inflammation of the oral cavity | stomatitis
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| rotary twisting of the intestine on its mesentery, with obstruction of the blood supply to the twisted segment | volvulus
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| formed by two masses of tissues that grow medially and fuse at midline to separate as nose and mouth is known as | cleft lip and/or palate
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| infection of the gums when inflammation extends to tissues that support teeth; forms small pockets of infection between teeth and gums | periodontal disease
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| toothaches, tooth removal, periapical abscesses, & root canals are all caused by | unchecked dental caries
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| esophageal obstruction, tears in the lining of the esophagus, & failure of the cardiac sphincter are all | esophageal disorders
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| carcinoma of the esophagus, food impaction, & stricture are causes of | esophageal obstruction
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| tears of the gastric mucosal lining can cause | fatal bleeding
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| treating inflammation with COX-2 inhibitors might increase the chance of developing | cardiovascular problems
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| when a tumor between the esophagus and the trachea becomes necrotic, an abnormal communication between the two, known as a | tracheoesophageal fistula
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| obstructions, hemorrhages & perforations are all possible complications of | peptic ulcers
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| activated T-lymphocytes cause inflammation and necrosis in the bowel is the final damage in | chronic enteritis
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| volvulus, tumor, hernia, & intestinal adhesions are all common causes of | intestinal obstruction
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| most common type of hernia is | inguinal
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| carcinoma arising in the cecum or right half of the colon may be detected through complaints of | fatigue caused by anemia
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| esophagus, stomach, small/lrg intestines & anus, as well as the oral cavity & related part of the face, make up | the gastrointestinal tract
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| digestion & absorption of food are | functions of the gastrointestinal tract
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| face and palate formed by coalescence of cell masses that merge to form facial structures happens | embryologically
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| cleft lip/palate is a ___ leading to defects in 1/100 births | maldeveloment
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| cleft lip/palate follows a ____ inheritance pattern | multifactorial
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| plastic surgery to repair lip defects | cheiloplasty
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| cleft lip may be ___ or ___ and ranges in severity | unilateral; bilateral
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| cleft lip repair is usually done | soon after birth
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| cleft palate repair in usually done | between ages of 1-2 years
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| after cleft palate repair ___ therapy is necessary in early childhood | speech
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| specialized structures that develop in tissues of the jaws | teeth
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| there are 20 | deciduous teeth
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| deciduous teeth are | temporary, or "baby teeth"
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| there are 32 | permanent teeth
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| common abnormalities of teeth include | missing or extra teeth
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| part of the teeth that forms at specific times during the embryologic period | enamel
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| administered during enamel formation causes permanent yellow-gray to brown discoloration of the crown | Tetracycline
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| Tetracycline is an | antibiotic
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| Tetracycline should not be administered to pregnant women or children from | infancy to 8 years of age
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| dental plaque consist of a diverse collection of ___ & ___ bacteria that mix with saliva, forming sticky film on teeth | aerobic; anaerobic
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| Plaque + action of bacteria result in | tooth decay
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| loss of tooth structure from bacterial action | dental cavity
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| inflammation of the gums due to masses of bacteria and debris accumulating around base of teeth | gingivitis
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| fluoride helps to prevent cavities by promoting formation of a more ___ tooth structure that resists decay | acid-resistant
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| irritants such as alcohol, tobacco, hot or spicy foods & infectious agents such as Herpes virus & Candida albicans fungus can cause | inflammation of the oral cavity, stomatitis
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| trench mouth | Vincent's infection
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| a fungus that can also cause vaginal infections, can also cause trench mouth is | Candida albicans
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| arises from squamous epithelium of the lips, cheek, tongue, palate, &/or back of the throat | carcinoma of the oral cavity
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| muscular tube that extends from pharynx to stomach with sphincters at both upper and lower ends | esophagus
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| relaxes to allow passage of swallowed food | upper esophageal sphincter
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| relaxes to allow passage of food to the stomach | cardiac sphincter
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| the cardiac sphincter is also called the lower esophageal or | gastroesophageal sphincter
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| dysphagia along with variable degrees of substernal discomfort/pain is associated with | esophageal disease
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| caused from retching or vomiting | esophageal tears
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| failure of cardiac sphincter to open properly is called | cardiospasm
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| inability of cardiac sphincter to remain closed properly is called | incompetent cardiac sphincter
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| cardiospasms are caused by a malfunction of the __ __ in esophagus that controls its function | nerve plexus
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| during cardiospasms food cannot pass normally into stomach, causing the __ __ in esophagus wall to contract more vigorously to push food past constricted sphincter | smooth muscle
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| cardiospasms cause esophageal muscles undergo marked ___ over time | hypertrophy
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| hypertrophy, caused by cardiospasms, leads to the esophagus becoming ___ proximal to constricted sphincter due to food retention | dilated
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| an incompetent cardiac sphincter leads to ___ and scarring of squamous mucosal lining | ulceration
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| periodic stretching of sphincter or surgery are | cardiospasm treatments
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| tears of the esophagus are considered a | vomiting-related complication
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| inflammation of the gastric lining that is self-limited inflammation of short duration, and may be associated with mucosal ulceration or bleeding | acute gastritis
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| can cause acute gastritis | NSAIDs that inhibit COX
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| COX is the abbreviation for | cyclooxygenase enzyme
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| aspirin, ibuprofen, Naproxen are all | NSAIDs
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| small, curved, gram-negative organism; related to many cases of chronic gastritis | Helicobacter pylori
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| Helicobacter pylori grows in the ___ covering epithelial cells lining the stomach | mucus
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| Helicobacter pylori can be identified by | special bacteria stains, culture, or other specialized tests
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| Helicobacter pylori produces an enzyme called | urease
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| urease decomposes | urea
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| decomposition of urea yields ___, which neutralizes gastric acid allowing Helicobacter pylori to flourish | ammonia
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| Helicobacter pylori also produces enzymes that can break down the layer of ___ ___ that covers epithelial surface | protective mucus
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| is caused by the ammonia & other byproducts produced by Helicobacter pylori, damaging the gastric mucosa of a susceptible person | chronic gastritis
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| about 30% of persons under 30 years of age are | colonized by Helicobacter pylori
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| by age 50 proportions of of those colonized by Helicobacter pylori increase to approximately 50% & as high as 65% in | persons over age 65
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| Helicobacter pylori are spread by | mouth-to-mouth & fecal-oral routes
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| Helicobacter pylori have been cultured from both | dental plaque & fecal material
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| gastric mucosa is also called | mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
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| arises from lymphocytes in gastric mucosa | malignant lymphoma & gastric carcinoma
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| gastric epithelium changes into an abnormal intestinal-type epithelium | intestinal metaplasia
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| gastritis leading to atrophy of gastric mucosa and intestinal metaplasia are risks for | gastric carcinoma
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| when gastritis overstimulates gastric mucosa, leading to unregulated growth of lymphocytes eventually progressing into | gastric lymphoma
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| a gastric irritant; stimulates gastric acid secretion | alcohol
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| promotes synthesis of prostaglandin that protects gastric mucosa | COX-1
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| promotes synthesis of prostaglandin that mediate inflammation | COX-2
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| drugs that selectively inhibit COX-2 increase risk for | heart attack & stroke
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| abbreviation for mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is | MALT
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| gastric acid and pepsin are | digestive enzymes
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| peptic ulcers are chronic ulcers involving distal ___ or proximal ___ | stomach; duodenum
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| ___ ulcer results from digestion of mucosa by acid gastric juice | peptic
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| persons prone to ulcers secrete large volumes of | acidic gastric juice
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| block acid secretion by gastric epithelial cells | antacids
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| biopsy by means of gastroscopy is used to diagnose | a carcinoma of the stomach
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| surgical resection of affected part, surrounding tissue and lymph nodes is | treatment for a carcinoma of the stomach
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| relatively poor long-term survival rate & is often far-advanced at time of diagnosis | carcinoma of stomach
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| usually caused by known pathogens or their toxins, of short duration & subside without specific treatment, with manifestations of nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, loose stools | acute enteritis
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| in severe infections of acute enteritis, the bowel mucosa may be ulcerated leading to | bloody stools
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| the 2 important types of chronic enteritis | Crohn disease & chronic ulcerative enteritis
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| Crohn disease & chronic ulcerative enteritis are grouped under general term | chronic inflammatory bowel disease
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| chronic inflammation and ulceration of mucosa with thickening and scarring of bowel wall often involving distal ileum; involves "skip areas" | Crohn disease
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| normal intervening segments of bowel between areas of severe disease | "skip areas"
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| Crohn disease was originally called ___ ___ because inflammatory process often localized to the distal ileum | regional ileitis
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| treatments for Crohn disease includes drugs and possible | surgical resection of affected bowel area
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| ulcerative colitis targets the | large intestines & colon
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| inflammation limited to mucosa of bowel, often beginning in rectal mucosa but progressively spreads to entire colon | ulcerative colitis
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| in severe cases of ulcerative colitis the inflammatory process can lead to ___ of colon | perforation
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| perforation of colon, in ulcerative colitis, causes leakage of bowel contents into the | peritoneal cavity
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| long-standing disease may develop into | colon or rectal carcinoma
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| surgical resection, immunosuppressive drugs, antibiotics, corticosteroids to control flare-ups & symptomatic and supportive measures are all | treatments for ulcerative colitis
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| broad-spectrum antibiotics destroy normal intestinal flora, which causes | antibiotic-associated colitis
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| severe bloody diarrhea w/abdominal pain, fever & other systemic manifestations, which can be life-threatening | symptoms of antibiotic-associated colitis
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| in a more severely affected person antibiotic-associated colitis can lead to multiple ulcerations of the | colonic mucosa
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| when a more severely affected person suffering from antibiotic-associated colitis develops multiple ulcerations of colonic mucosa, ulcerated areas are covered by | masses of fibrin & inflammatory cells
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| antibiotic-associated colitis allows growth of anaerobic spore-forming bacteria called | Clostridium difficile
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| Clostridium difficile, is not inhibited by the antibiotic and produces two toxins that cause | intestinal inflammation & necrosis
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| stool culture to identify the toxin is used to | diagnose antibiotic-associated colitis
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| most common inflammatory lesion of the bowel; characterized by manifestations of generalized abdominal pain localizing in right lower quadrant; rebound tenderness; rigidity | appendicitis
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| in an appendicitis laboratory tests reveal the number of ___ ___ are increased in the blood as result of infection | polymorphonuclear leukocytes
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| ultrasound, CT scan, & laparoscopy are also used to diagnose | an appendicitis
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| severe inflammation may lead to rupture of appendix or | peritonitis
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| surgery to remove the appendix is usually necessary when | an appendicitis is identified
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| inflammation of congenital small bowel diverticulum | Meckel's diverticulitis
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| extensive necrosis of small bowel & proximal colon | mesenteric artery thrombosis
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| hypersensitivity to wheat protein/gluten | nontropical sprue
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| deficiency of lactase enzyme | lactose intolerance
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| disturbed bowel function without structural change | irritable bowel syndrome
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| protrusion of mucosa through weak area in bowel wall | colon diverticulosis
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| inflammation of colon diverticula | diverticulitis
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| telescoping of proximal colon into distal colon | intussusception
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| rotary twist of sigmoid colon on its mesentery | colon volvulus
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