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Concept Dis. Ch.23
Gastrointestinal tract
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| bands of fibrous tissue that form subsequent to an inflammation, and bind adjacent tissues together | adhesions |
| method for treating obesity by applying an adjustable gastric band to the stomach in order to reduce its capacity, thereby promoting weight loss | adjustable gastric banding |
| excessive self-induced weight loss because of a false perception of being fat | anorexia nervosa |
| tooth decay | caries |
| loss of tooth structure caused by the combined action of mouth bacteria & organic acids derived from bacterial fermentation of retained food particles | cavity |
| defect in upper lip of variable degrees, as result of developmental disturbance | cleft lip |
| defect in hard palate allowing communication between oral cavity & nasal cavity, as result by developmental disturbance | cleft palate |
| inflammation of the colon | colitis |
| masses of bacteria, bacterial products, & salivary proteins adherent to teeth, which predisposes to tooth decay | dental plaque |
| bony structure of the tooth | dentine |
| diverticulitis | inflammation of a diverticulum |
| condition characterized by an outpouching of colonic mucosa through weak areas in the muscular wall | diverticulosis |
| outpouching from an organ, which projects through the muscular wall | diverticulum |
| inflammation of the intestine | enteritis |
| operation to treat massive obesity in which capacity of the stomach is reduced | gastric bypass |
| varicosities of anal & rectal veins | hemorrhoids |
| protrusion of a loop of bowel through a narrow opening, usually in the abdominal wall | hernia |
| surgical procedure performed on small intestine to promote weight loss | ileal bypass |
| congenital absence of anal opening, often associated with absence of distal rectum as well | imperforate anus |
| telescoping of one segment of bowel into an adjacent segment | intussusception |
| an incompetent lower gastroesophageal sphincter & cardiospasms causing gastric secretions leak back into the esophagus can cause | reflux esophagitis |
| inflammation of the oral cavity | stomatitis |
| rotary twisting of the intestine on its mesentery, with obstruction of the blood supply to the twisted segment | volvulus |
| formed by two masses of tissues that grow medially and fuse at midline to separate as nose and mouth is known as | cleft lip and/or palate |
| infection of the gums when inflammation extends to tissues that support teeth; forms small pockets of infection between teeth and gums | periodontal disease |
| toothaches, tooth removal, periapical abscesses, & root canals are all caused by | unchecked dental caries |
| esophageal obstruction, tears in the lining of the esophagus, & failure of the cardiac sphincter are all | esophageal disorders |
| carcinoma of the esophagus, food impaction, & stricture are causes of | esophageal obstruction |
| tears of the gastric mucosal lining can cause | fatal bleeding |
| treating inflammation with COX-2 inhibitors might increase the chance of developing | cardiovascular problems |
| when a tumor between the esophagus and the trachea becomes necrotic, an abnormal communication between the two, known as a | tracheoesophageal fistula |
| obstructions, hemorrhages & perforations are all possible complications of | peptic ulcers |
| activated T-lymphocytes cause inflammation and necrosis in the bowel is the final damage in | chronic enteritis |
| volvulus, tumor, hernia, & intestinal adhesions are all common causes of | intestinal obstruction |
| most common type of hernia is | inguinal |
| carcinoma arising in the cecum or right half of the colon may be detected through complaints of | fatigue caused by anemia |
| esophagus, stomach, small/lrg intestines & anus, as well as the oral cavity & related part of the face, make up | the gastrointestinal tract |
| digestion & absorption of food are | functions of the gastrointestinal tract |
| face and palate formed by coalescence of cell masses that merge to form facial structures happens | embryologically |
| cleft lip/palate is a ___ leading to defects in 1/100 births | maldeveloment |
| cleft lip/palate follows a ____ inheritance pattern | multifactorial |
| plastic surgery to repair lip defects | cheiloplasty |
| cleft lip may be ___ or ___ and ranges in severity | unilateral; bilateral |
| cleft lip repair is usually done | soon after birth |
| cleft palate repair in usually done | between ages of 1-2 years |
| after cleft palate repair ___ therapy is necessary in early childhood | speech |
| specialized structures that develop in tissues of the jaws | teeth |
| there are 20 | deciduous teeth |
| deciduous teeth are | temporary, or "baby teeth" |
| there are 32 | permanent teeth |
| common abnormalities of teeth include | missing or extra teeth |
| part of the teeth that forms at specific times during the embryologic period | enamel |
| administered during enamel formation causes permanent yellow-gray to brown discoloration of the crown | Tetracycline |
| Tetracycline is an | antibiotic |
| Tetracycline should not be administered to pregnant women or children from | infancy to 8 years of age |
| dental plaque consist of a diverse collection of ___ & ___ bacteria that mix with saliva, forming sticky film on teeth | aerobic; anaerobic |
| Plaque + action of bacteria result in | tooth decay |
| loss of tooth structure from bacterial action | dental cavity |
| inflammation of the gums due to masses of bacteria and debris accumulating around base of teeth | gingivitis |
| fluoride helps to prevent cavities by promoting formation of a more ___ tooth structure that resists decay | acid-resistant |
| irritants such as alcohol, tobacco, hot or spicy foods & infectious agents such as Herpes virus & Candida albicans fungus can cause | inflammation of the oral cavity, stomatitis |
| trench mouth | Vincent's infection |
| a fungus that can also cause vaginal infections, can also cause trench mouth is | Candida albicans |
| arises from squamous epithelium of the lips, cheek, tongue, palate, &/or back of the throat | carcinoma of the oral cavity |
| muscular tube that extends from pharynx to stomach with sphincters at both upper and lower ends | esophagus |
| relaxes to allow passage of swallowed food | upper esophageal sphincter |
| relaxes to allow passage of food to the stomach | cardiac sphincter |
| the cardiac sphincter is also called the lower esophageal or | gastroesophageal sphincter |
| dysphagia along with variable degrees of substernal discomfort/pain is associated with | esophageal disease |
| caused from retching or vomiting | esophageal tears |
| failure of cardiac sphincter to open properly is called | cardiospasm |
| inability of cardiac sphincter to remain closed properly is called | incompetent cardiac sphincter |
| cardiospasms are caused by a malfunction of the __ __ in esophagus that controls its function | nerve plexus |
| during cardiospasms food cannot pass normally into stomach, causing the __ __ in esophagus wall to contract more vigorously to push food past constricted sphincter | smooth muscle |
| cardiospasms cause esophageal muscles undergo marked ___ over time | hypertrophy |
| hypertrophy, caused by cardiospasms, leads to the esophagus becoming ___ proximal to constricted sphincter due to food retention | dilated |
| an incompetent cardiac sphincter leads to ___ and scarring of squamous mucosal lining | ulceration |
| periodic stretching of sphincter or surgery are | cardiospasm treatments |
| tears of the esophagus are considered a | vomiting-related complication |
| inflammation of the gastric lining that is self-limited inflammation of short duration, and may be associated with mucosal ulceration or bleeding | acute gastritis |
| can cause acute gastritis | NSAIDs that inhibit COX |
| COX is the abbreviation for | cyclooxygenase enzyme |
| aspirin, ibuprofen, Naproxen are all | NSAIDs |
| small, curved, gram-negative organism; related to many cases of chronic gastritis | Helicobacter pylori |
| Helicobacter pylori grows in the ___ covering epithelial cells lining the stomach | mucus |
| Helicobacter pylori can be identified by | special bacteria stains, culture, or other specialized tests |
| Helicobacter pylori produces an enzyme called | urease |
| urease decomposes | urea |
| decomposition of urea yields ___, which neutralizes gastric acid allowing Helicobacter pylori to flourish | ammonia |
| Helicobacter pylori also produces enzymes that can break down the layer of ___ ___ that covers epithelial surface | protective mucus |
| is caused by the ammonia & other byproducts produced by Helicobacter pylori, damaging the gastric mucosa of a susceptible person | chronic gastritis |
| about 30% of persons under 30 years of age are | colonized by Helicobacter pylori |
| by age 50 proportions of of those colonized by Helicobacter pylori increase to approximately 50% & as high as 65% in | persons over age 65 |
| Helicobacter pylori are spread by | mouth-to-mouth & fecal-oral routes |
| Helicobacter pylori have been cultured from both | dental plaque & fecal material |
| gastric mucosa is also called | mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue |
| arises from lymphocytes in gastric mucosa | malignant lymphoma & gastric carcinoma |
| gastric epithelium changes into an abnormal intestinal-type epithelium | intestinal metaplasia |
| gastritis leading to atrophy of gastric mucosa and intestinal metaplasia are risks for | gastric carcinoma |
| when gastritis overstimulates gastric mucosa, leading to unregulated growth of lymphocytes eventually progressing into | gastric lymphoma |
| a gastric irritant; stimulates gastric acid secretion | alcohol |
| promotes synthesis of prostaglandin that protects gastric mucosa | COX-1 |
| promotes synthesis of prostaglandin that mediate inflammation | COX-2 |
| drugs that selectively inhibit COX-2 increase risk for | heart attack & stroke |
| abbreviation for mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is | MALT |
| gastric acid and pepsin are | digestive enzymes |
| peptic ulcers are chronic ulcers involving distal ___ or proximal ___ | stomach; duodenum |
| ___ ulcer results from digestion of mucosa by acid gastric juice | peptic |
| persons prone to ulcers secrete large volumes of | acidic gastric juice |
| block acid secretion by gastric epithelial cells | antacids |
| biopsy by means of gastroscopy is used to diagnose | a carcinoma of the stomach |
| surgical resection of affected part, surrounding tissue and lymph nodes is | treatment for a carcinoma of the stomach |
| relatively poor long-term survival rate & is often far-advanced at time of diagnosis | carcinoma of stomach |
| usually caused by known pathogens or their toxins, of short duration & subside without specific treatment, with manifestations of nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, loose stools | acute enteritis |
| in severe infections of acute enteritis, the bowel mucosa may be ulcerated leading to | bloody stools |
| the 2 important types of chronic enteritis | Crohn disease & chronic ulcerative enteritis |
| Crohn disease & chronic ulcerative enteritis are grouped under general term | chronic inflammatory bowel disease |
| chronic inflammation and ulceration of mucosa with thickening and scarring of bowel wall often involving distal ileum; involves "skip areas" | Crohn disease |
| normal intervening segments of bowel between areas of severe disease | "skip areas" |
| Crohn disease was originally called ___ ___ because inflammatory process often localized to the distal ileum | regional ileitis |
| treatments for Crohn disease includes drugs and possible | surgical resection of affected bowel area |
| ulcerative colitis targets the | large intestines & colon |
| inflammation limited to mucosa of bowel, often beginning in rectal mucosa but progressively spreads to entire colon | ulcerative colitis |
| in severe cases of ulcerative colitis the inflammatory process can lead to ___ of colon | perforation |
| perforation of colon, in ulcerative colitis, causes leakage of bowel contents into the | peritoneal cavity |
| long-standing disease may develop into | colon or rectal carcinoma |
| surgical resection, immunosuppressive drugs, antibiotics, corticosteroids to control flare-ups & symptomatic and supportive measures are all | treatments for ulcerative colitis |
| broad-spectrum antibiotics destroy normal intestinal flora, which causes | antibiotic-associated colitis |
| severe bloody diarrhea w/abdominal pain, fever & other systemic manifestations, which can be life-threatening | symptoms of antibiotic-associated colitis |
| in a more severely affected person antibiotic-associated colitis can lead to multiple ulcerations of the | colonic mucosa |
| when a more severely affected person suffering from antibiotic-associated colitis develops multiple ulcerations of colonic mucosa, ulcerated areas are covered by | masses of fibrin & inflammatory cells |
| antibiotic-associated colitis allows growth of anaerobic spore-forming bacteria called | Clostridium difficile |
| Clostridium difficile, is not inhibited by the antibiotic and produces two toxins that cause | intestinal inflammation & necrosis |
| stool culture to identify the toxin is used to | diagnose antibiotic-associated colitis |
| most common inflammatory lesion of the bowel; characterized by manifestations of generalized abdominal pain localizing in right lower quadrant; rebound tenderness; rigidity | appendicitis |
| in an appendicitis laboratory tests reveal the number of ___ ___ are increased in the blood as result of infection | polymorphonuclear leukocytes |
| ultrasound, CT scan, & laparoscopy are also used to diagnose | an appendicitis |
| severe inflammation may lead to rupture of appendix or | peritonitis |
| surgery to remove the appendix is usually necessary when | an appendicitis is identified |
| inflammation of congenital small bowel diverticulum | Meckel's diverticulitis |
| extensive necrosis of small bowel & proximal colon | mesenteric artery thrombosis |
| hypersensitivity to wheat protein/gluten | nontropical sprue |
| deficiency of lactase enzyme | lactose intolerance |
| disturbed bowel function without structural change | irritable bowel syndrome |
| protrusion of mucosa through weak area in bowel wall | colon diverticulosis |
| inflammation of colon diverticula | diverticulitis |
| telescoping of proximal colon into distal colon | intussusception |
| rotary twist of sigmoid colon on its mesentery | colon volvulus |
Created by:
lfrancois
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