final patho
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| Function of kidneys | filter waste, excrete urine, control BP (RAAS), regulate RBC, break down drugs, metabolize hormone, synthesize vitamin D, manage electrolytes, conserve/excrete water, balance blood pH
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| Kidneys receive how much of the body's cardiac output | 20-25%
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| Glomerular filtration rate | 90-120 ml/min
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| Glomerular filtration rate measures what? | perfusion to kidneys
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| Nephron | basic unit of the kidney
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| Major mechanism of the nephron | waste removal and water recycling
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| Glomerulus | cluster of capillaries within Bowman's capsule
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| What happens when blood flows through the glomeruli and bowman's capsule? | water and electrolytes leave the blood and pass through the proximal tubule
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| How much H2O is reabsorbed back into the blood stream through the proximal tubule? | 60%
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| Loop of Henle | urea is secreted into the tubule fluid; 25% of filtered electrolytes is reabsorbed, 15% of H2O is reabsorbed
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| Distal tubule | aldosterone reabsorbs Na and H2O in blood and secretes K
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| Collecting duct | ADH reabsorbs water into bloodstream creating urine
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| Glomerlus | blood is filtered at bowman's capsule
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| Hypoxia | stimulates erythropoietin secretion by the kidney
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| Low blood volume stimulates what? | renin secretion by kidneys
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| Intrarenal dysfunction | Direct damage to renal tissue
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| Postrenal dysfunction | Obstructive uropathy: kidney stones in ureter, posterior gland enlargement, cancer
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| Hydronephrosis | urine backs up within ureter and into kidneys
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| Acute renal failure: Prerenal | sudden drop in BP or interruption in blood flow to the kidneys from illness or injury
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| Acute renal failure: Intrarenal | direct damage to kidneys by inflammation, toxins, drugs, and infections
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| Acute renal failure: Postrenal | sudden obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged prostate, kidney stones, bladder tumor, or injury
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| Acute tubular necrosis | Ischemia and hypoxia (low oxygen) damage renal tubules; lumen gets blocked, preventing flow and reducing urine formation
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| 4 phases of Acute Kidney Injury: Initial | time of insult until time of initial signs
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| 4 phases of Acute Kidney Injury: Obligarea | significant decrease in GFR, retention of urea, potassium, sulfate, and creatine < ml in 24 hrs
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| 4 phases of Acute Kidney Injury: Diuresis | Kidneys start to recover, healing occurs, fibrotic tissue may develop at damaged nephrons
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| 4 phases of Acute Kidney Injury: Recovery | starts with onset of increased urine output, healthy nephrons compensate for damaged ones
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| Oliguria | less than 400 ml of urine in 24 hrs.
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| Brown orange urine | dehydration or liver disease
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| Pinkish red urine | kidney disease, UTI, tumor
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| s/s if Acute kidney infection | fatigue, weakness, nausea, constipation, abdominal pain, confusion, edema, oliguria
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| s/s of uremia | encephalopathy, anemia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, thrombocytosis
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| Urinalysis tests for what? | Glucose/ketones, leukocytes, crystals, blood, nitrate
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| GFR less than 15 means? | kidney failure
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| Normal blood urea nitrogen: | 5-20 mg/dL
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| Normal serum creatine | 0.5-1.5 mg/dL
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| Benign prostatic hyperplasia | prostate gland increases in number because of testosterone stimulation; prostate obstructs urine outflow
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| ulcerative colitis | affects mucosal layer of large intestine; begins in rectum and progresses proximally; no known cause
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| Pancolitis | inflammation of entire colon
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| s/s of ulcerative colitis | diarrhea, abdominal pain, pattern of remission, blood in stool, weight loss, severe dehydration, anemia
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| Crohn's disease | patches of inflammation, lower right abdomen
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| What does bicarb do with water? | reabsorbs
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| What does hydrogen do with water> | moves
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| RAAS | Renin release, Renin secreted from renal cortex, secreted from juxtaglomerular cells (kidneys) Renin leaves Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) mediated Angiotensin I converted by ACE to Angiotensin II
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