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elimination
final patho
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Function of kidneys | filter waste, excrete urine, control BP (RAAS), regulate RBC, break down drugs, metabolize hormone, synthesize vitamin D, manage electrolytes, conserve/excrete water, balance blood pH |
| Kidneys receive how much of the body's cardiac output | 20-25% |
| Glomerular filtration rate | 90-120 ml/min |
| Glomerular filtration rate measures what? | perfusion to kidneys |
| Nephron | basic unit of the kidney |
| Major mechanism of the nephron | waste removal and water recycling |
| Glomerulus | cluster of capillaries within Bowman's capsule |
| What happens when blood flows through the glomeruli and bowman's capsule? | water and electrolytes leave the blood and pass through the proximal tubule |
| How much H2O is reabsorbed back into the blood stream through the proximal tubule? | 60% |
| Loop of Henle | urea is secreted into the tubule fluid; 25% of filtered electrolytes is reabsorbed, 15% of H2O is reabsorbed |
| Distal tubule | aldosterone reabsorbs Na and H2O in blood and secretes K |
| Collecting duct | ADH reabsorbs water into bloodstream creating urine |
| Glomerlus | blood is filtered at bowman's capsule |
| Hypoxia | stimulates erythropoietin secretion by the kidney |
| Low blood volume stimulates what? | renin secretion by kidneys |
| Intrarenal dysfunction | Direct damage to renal tissue |
| Postrenal dysfunction | Obstructive uropathy: kidney stones in ureter, posterior gland enlargement, cancer |
| Hydronephrosis | urine backs up within ureter and into kidneys |
| Acute renal failure: Prerenal | sudden drop in BP or interruption in blood flow to the kidneys from illness or injury |
| Acute renal failure: Intrarenal | direct damage to kidneys by inflammation, toxins, drugs, and infections |
| Acute renal failure: Postrenal | sudden obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged prostate, kidney stones, bladder tumor, or injury |
| Acute tubular necrosis | Ischemia and hypoxia (low oxygen) damage renal tubules; lumen gets blocked, preventing flow and reducing urine formation |
| 4 phases of Acute Kidney Injury: Initial | time of insult until time of initial signs |
| 4 phases of Acute Kidney Injury: Obligarea | significant decrease in GFR, retention of urea, potassium, sulfate, and creatine < ml in 24 hrs |
| 4 phases of Acute Kidney Injury: Diuresis | Kidneys start to recover, healing occurs, fibrotic tissue may develop at damaged nephrons |
| 4 phases of Acute Kidney Injury: Recovery | starts with onset of increased urine output, healthy nephrons compensate for damaged ones |
| Oliguria | less than 400 ml of urine in 24 hrs. |
| Brown orange urine | dehydration or liver disease |
| Pinkish red urine | kidney disease, UTI, tumor |
| s/s if Acute kidney infection | fatigue, weakness, nausea, constipation, abdominal pain, confusion, edema, oliguria |
| s/s of uremia | encephalopathy, anemia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, thrombocytosis |
| Urinalysis tests for what? | Glucose/ketones, leukocytes, crystals, blood, nitrate |
| GFR less than 15 means? | kidney failure |
| Normal blood urea nitrogen: | 5-20 mg/dL |
| Normal serum creatine | 0.5-1.5 mg/dL |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia | prostate gland increases in number because of testosterone stimulation; prostate obstructs urine outflow |
| ulcerative colitis | affects mucosal layer of large intestine; begins in rectum and progresses proximally; no known cause |
| Pancolitis | inflammation of entire colon |
| s/s of ulcerative colitis | diarrhea, abdominal pain, pattern of remission, blood in stool, weight loss, severe dehydration, anemia |
| Crohn's disease | patches of inflammation, lower right abdomen |
| What does bicarb do with water? | reabsorbs |
| What does hydrogen do with water> | moves |
| RAAS | Renin release, Renin secreted from renal cortex, secreted from juxtaglomerular cells (kidneys) Renin leaves Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) mediated Angiotensin I converted by ACE to Angiotensin II |
Created by:
Anna91715
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