Cardiovascular System
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| leaflets | flat, leaf shaped structures that comprise the valves of the heart and prevent the backflow of blood
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| lumen | tubular space of channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube
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| regurgitation | backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening
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| sphincters | circular muscles found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constrict or dilate to regulate passage of substances through its opening
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| vasoconstriction | narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes
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| vasodilation | widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls
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| viscosity | thickness or a measure of how resistant a liquid is to flowing
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| aneurysm/o | aneurysm (widened blood vessel)
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| angi/o vascul/o | vessel (usually blood or lymph)
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| aort/o | aorta
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| arteri/o | artery
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| arteriol/o | arteriole
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| atri/o | atrium
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| ather/o | fatty plaque
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| cardi/o coron/o | heart
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| electr/o | electricity
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| embol/o | embolus (plug)
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| hemangi/o | blood vessel
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| my/o | muscle
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| phleb/o ven/o | vein
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| scler/o | hardening; sclera (white of eye)
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| sept/o | septum
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| sphygm/o | pulse
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| sten/o | narrowing, stricture
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| thromb/o | blood clot
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| valv/o valvul/o | valve
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| ventricul/o | ventricle (of the heart or brain)
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| -cardia | heart condition
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| -stenosis | narrowing, stricture
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| brady- | slow
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| endo- | in, within
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| extra- | outside
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| peri- | around
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| trans- | across
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| aneurysm | localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery
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| angina | chest pain caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to the myocardium
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| arrythmia | irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart
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| bradycardia | abnormally slow heart rate, usually fewer than 60 bpm in a resting adult
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| fibrillation | abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles
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| heart block | interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers
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| tachycardia | abnormally fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/minute
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| bruit | soft, blowing sound hear on auscultation and associated valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction, or both; also called murmur
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| cardiomyopathy | disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function
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| coarctation | narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta
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| embolism | intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area, commonly leading to life-threatening situations
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| heart failure | disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body
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| hyperlipidemia | excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood
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| hypertension | elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg
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| hypotension | low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg
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| mitral valve prolapse | structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
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| palpitation | sensation of irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter
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| peripheral artery disease | common circulatory disorder characterized by a reduced flow of blood to the extremities, especially the legs, resulting in muscle cramping and pain, and commonly the result of atherosclerosis
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| phlebitis | inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the leg)
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| rheumatic heart disease | serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve
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| syncope | partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decrease supply of blood to the brain
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| thrombosis | abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation
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| deep vein thrombosis | blood clot forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs
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| electrocardiography | procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs
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| holter monitor test | procedure that uses a small, portable system to record and store the electrical activity of the heart over a 24-48 hour period
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| stress test | taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)
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| cardiac biomarkers | blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress
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| lipid panel | series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease
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| angiography | procedure that records a radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel (angiogram) after injection of a contrast medium
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| aortography | angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium
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| coronary angiography | specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscles
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| Doppler US | ultrasonography used to assess the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels by reflecting sound waves off red blood cells
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| carotid artery US | ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or tears on the walls of the carotid arteries
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| echocardiography | ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through the heart, valves, and chambers, and assesses cardiac output
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| myocardial perfusion imaging | noninvasive imaging test using a radioactive tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through (perfuses) the heart muscle at rest and during exercise
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| single-photon emission computed tomography | myocardial perfusion test that involves injection of a radioactive tracer into the blood while a gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as "slices" of the heart
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| cardiac magnetic resonance imaging | specialized MRI procedure that provides imaging of he heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium
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| magnetic resonance angiography |
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