Semester Final for Mrs.Shaw
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| Neoplatonism | Platonic philisophy traslated by Ficino
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| War of Roses | Civil war b/w ducal houses: Lancaster(red rose)and York(white rose)
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| Medici in Florence | Increase in banking(15th century) by the Medici family
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| Printing | Movable type invented by Johannes Gutenberg
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| Black Death | 1347-1351 crop failure, 15% of people died from famine. Bulges turn black
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| Estates | First:Clergy Second:Nobility Third:Peasants
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| Hermeticism/Pantheism | Translation of Corpus Hermeticum(sci and ph)/ divinity in all aspects of nature
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| Francesco Guicciardini | P backround helped him write history through P and military emphasis
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| Johannes Gutenberg | Inventor of movable type
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| New Monarchies | France, England, Spain at 15th century with centralized power
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| Syclif and Lollardy | John Wyclif hated clerical corruption, followeres were Lollardians
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| Hus and Hussites | John Hus also attacked clergy, burned at the stake, started Hussite wars
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| Sacrosanta and Frequens | Church received authority from God and holding of councils to ensure reform
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| Nepotism | Families serve in clergy for increase of power in church
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| Sack of Rome | 1527 under HRE Charles V
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| Fall of Constantinople | 1204 Byzantine power overthrown by Ottoman Turks
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| Entrepreneurs | Rulers who transfered titles to underground minerals to financiers as collateral for loans
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| Northern Humanism | focused on early manuscripts, sought to reform church last half of 15th century
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| Thomas More | Christian humanist and Lord Chancellor of England, wrote Utopia and gave life to King Henry VIII
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| Pluralism | High church officials taking over more than 1 office
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| Zwinglian Reformation | Ulrich Zwingli brought reform to Switzerland,Zurich; music, clergy, and pope eliminated
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| Charles V-Hapsburg | HRE tried to keep territory and christianity, abdicated in 1556
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| Anabaptists | Radical reformers, mostly peasants affected by E, no one should be forced to accept bible
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| St.Bartholomew's Day Massacre | 1572 Bourbons were killed in Paris by Charles IX(persuaded by Guise family and Catherine de Midici), Henry of Navarre survived
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| Philip II | King of Spain and HRE lost Netherlands and Spanish armada lost to Queen Elizabeth
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| Queen Elizabeth | Killed Queen Mary, Act of Uniformity(church service), weakened France and Spain, supressed puratins and avoided war
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| Absenteeism | Church officeholders ignored duties ahdn hired underlings not qualified
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| Transubstantiation | Bread and wine transform to the body and blood of Jesus
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| Schmalkaldic League | 8 princes and 11 imperial cities(lutheran) formed to defend themselves from Charles V
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| Schmalkaldic Wars | 1546-1559, lutherans defeated at Battle of Muhlberg; Henry II+protistants defeated Charles, PEACE OF AUGSBURG
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| Habsburg-Valois Wars | War against Valois king of France, Francis I; 2 wars b/w 1521-1544
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| War of 3 Henries | Henry duke of Guise vs. Henry III vs. Henry of Navarre 1588-1589 Henry of Navarre took the throne and turned Catholic
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| Puratins | Protistants w/in the Anglican church inspired to Calvinism to remove any trace of Catholicism from the curch of England
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| Price Revolution | Prices increased in Europe, commercial and industrial entrepreneurs benefited, growth of capitalism
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| Bartholomeu Dias | 1488 South Atlantic to Cape of Good Hope
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| Vasco da Gama | Reached East coast of Africa and set port of Calicut in India
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| Afonso de Albuquerque | Set port at Goa(headquarters of Portuguese trade in India)
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| Conquistador | Authorized by Castilian crown and financed privately, groups sent to conquer foreign lands
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| Middle Passage | Journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas
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| Witchcraft Craze | Village cult viewed as activities of the devil by M/E church, persecution increased in 17th century in protistant regions
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| Constitutional Monarchy | Constitution shares power w/ nobles or parliament giving head of state limited power, Instrument of Gov. in England by Cromwell and Bill of Rights in the Glorious Revolution
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| Mannerism and Baroque Art | Mannerist painters distorted proportion and conveyed strong emotions(El Greco); Baroque used dramatic effects to heighten emotional intensity(Peter Paul Rubens)
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| Cardinal Richelieu/Mazarin | Chief ministers that crushed conspiracies, executed royal authority, increase monarchial power and dept in France
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| Russian Serfdom | Tsar on top followed by upper class of landed aristocrats who bound their peasants to land
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| Orthodox Church | Merchants and peasants and schism revolted the Orthodox church
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| Vienna/Ottoman Empire | the Ottoman Turks under Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent with an effective gov. that expanded to the west, Vienna resisted
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| Janissaries | Christian boys taken from parents, converted to Muslim, and subjected to rigid military training; 8,000 troops loyal to sultan
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| House of Orange | Part of Dutch Rep. occupied the stadholderate in 7 provinces and favored centralized gov. w/ themselves as hereditary monarchs
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| Amsterdam | Financial and commercial capital of Europe w/ an increased population in 1610, founded Amsterdam Stock Exchange in commodities
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| James II | Catholic brother of Charles II who came to power in 1685 after English Civil War, protistant daughter Mary and William of Orange overthrew him
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| Bourbons | Calvanist dynasty fought France and Spain w/ England, United Provinces, Habsburg Austria, and German States(PEACE OF UTRECHT 1713 and OF RASTATT 1714)
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| Charles I/II | Charles I fought Cromwell in the English Civil War, Charles II reestablished the monarchy after Cromwell's death
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| Scientific Method | Bacon's empiricism + Descartes' rationalism: systematic observations and experiments
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| Antoine Lavoisier | Invented system of naming elements, founder of chemistry
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| Newton | Invented scientific method, 3 laws of gravity, and president of Royal Society
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| Renaissance Magic | Hermetic magic w/ alchemical thought, world was a living embodiment of divinity
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| Brahe | Danish noble man made record of his observations of the stars and planets, imperial mathmatician to Emperor Rudolf II
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| Kepler | 3 laws of planetary motion, eliminated idea of crystalline spheres revolving in circular orbits
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| Galileo | First to observe heavens w/ telescope: mountains and craters on moon, 4 moons of Jupiter, phases of Venus, and sunspots
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| Skepticism | Fontenelle, downplaying the R backgrounds of the 17c, church is enemy of scientific progress
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| Joseph II | New policy toward Jews, litte more freedom
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| High cult vs. Popular cult | High education and more literacy in high class; S activities and life of people, festivals
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| Edward Gibson | Author wrote "decline and fall of Roman Empire"
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| Immanuel Kant | German philosophe defined the Enlightenment as "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity"
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| David Hume | Pioneer of S science, used observation and reflection
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| Physiocrats | Founders of modern discipline of E, natural E laws that governed S
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| Francois Quesney | Leader of physiocrats, land constituted only source of wealth
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| Denis Diderot | Writer who complained of R and attacked Christianity viciously
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| Paul d' Holbach | Antheism and materialism, believed in classes
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| Marie-Jean de Condorcet | French philosophe claim for forgiveness, The Progress of the Human Mind
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| Jean Jacques Rousseau | Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind, most critical philosophe
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| S Contract | Rousseau, harmonize liberty w/ gov. authority
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| Feminism | Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Woman, women rights in enlightenment
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| General Directory | Frederick I, chief administrative agent of central gov.; supervised millitary, E, police, financial affairs
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| Reason of State | Joseph II, tried to put enlightenment ideas in the Habsburg state
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| Edict of Nantes | 1598 Catholicism offficial R of France but guaranteed Huguenots right to worship and allowed fortified towns
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| Administration of Spanish Empire | Administrative system based on Viceroy advised by Audiencias; catholic Spain was given extensive R power in the new world
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| Columbia Exchange | Import/Export trade b/w Europe and the Americas
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| Viceroy | King's chief civil and military officer, aided by audiencias; Viceroy of Lima
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| Audiencias | Advisory groups that helped viceroys and were supreme judicial bodies
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| Encomienda | Queen Izabella, permitted Spaniards to collect tribute from natives and used them as laborers; Indians were protected, given wages,and their spiritual needs were supervised
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| Joint-Stock Company | People bought shares in a company and received dividens on their investment while a board of directors ran the company
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| Commercial Capitalism | Commercial expansion mostly in Mediterranian, Low Countries, and Baltic region; Dutch ruled European and world trade
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| Mercantilism | Historian name for E tendencies that dominate E practices in 17c
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| Balance of Power | Richelieu eliminated P and military rights of Huguenots and preserved R ones
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| Golden Age Dutch Rep | Power struggle b/w Orange and rep, E prosper, Amsterdam became European trading city; United Provinces-Atlantic power
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| Gustavus Adolphus | Swedish king(30 Years' War) military genus got to Germany and died at Battle of Lutzen against Wallenstein
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| Bishop Jacques Bossuet | Chief theorists of divine-right mon.; P Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture
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| Edict of Fontainebleau | 1685 Louis XIV, destruction of Huguenot churches and closing of Protestant schools
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| Versailles | Residence of the king, reception hall for state affairs, office building for members of king's gov, home of royal officials and aristocratic courtiers
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| Jean-Baptise Colbert | Controller general of finances for Louis XIV; increase wealth and power of France through general adherence to mercantilism; gov regulation of E activities
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| Peace of Utrecht | War of Spanish Succession, United Provinces fought to prevent a Bourbon dynasty from taking over Europe(Louis XIV); throne of Spain and France were to remain seperate
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| Treaty of Karlowitz | Ottomans made siege to Vienna and Austrians defeated the Ottomans; Austria took over Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia
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| Romanovs | Aristocratic dynasty started by Michael Romanov 1613-1917
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| Hohenzollerns | Prussia dynasty started in Brandenburg 1415; Fredericks brought it to greatness
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| Saint Petersburg | S gatherigs 3 times a week were held here during Peter the Great's rule
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| Great Norther War | Peter the Great vs Charles XII(Sweden), defeated Charles at Battle of Poltava; Peace of Nystadt, Peter gained Estonia, Livonia, and Karelia
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| Poland's Sejm | Polish diet, 2-chamber assembly where landowners dominated townspeople and lawyers; mon shared power with Sejm
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| Stuarts | Dynasty that took over after Tudors(Queen Elizabeth), King James I of Enland, Charles II(son) lost England to Cromwell
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| Levellers | Had ideas of freedom of speech, R toleration, and democratic rep; called for annual Parliaments, women equality, and care for the poor; Cromwell smashed them by force
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| Test Act | Catholics couldn't have positions in gov, military, navy, or universities in England
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| Peace of Pyrenees | 1659, War of Spanish Succession, France gained the Spanish Netherlands and Arois
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| Intendants | Royal officers sent by Richelieu to execute orders of the central gov
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| War of League of Augsburg | 1689-1697, Spain, HRE, United Provinces, Sweden, and England vs Louis XIV Treaty of Ryswick allowed him to keep Strasbourg and part of Alsace
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| War of Spanish Succession | 1702-1713 England, United Provinces, Hasburg Austria, German Staes vs France and Spain to stop Bourbon dynasty; treaty of Utrecht and of Rastatt
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| Philip III/IV | Philip III spent a fortune on his court and allowed Lerma to run the country; Philip IV advisor, Gaspar de Guzman did alot to help but war deprived Spain
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| Boyars | Russian nobility
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| Procurator | Layman that's head of Holy Synod who represented the interests of the tsar and assured Peter of effective domination of the church
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| Gentry | Well-to-do landowners below the nobility
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| Descartes | Made theory on the doubt that seperated mind from matter, father of rationalism
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| World Machine | Conceived as operating absolutely in time, space, and motion
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| Pracelsus | Philippus Aureolus von Hoheheim hoped to change medicine with chem ph(macrocosm-microcosm analogy), chem reactions of the universe are in humans
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| Vesalius | On Anatomical Procedures, anatomy with hands on dissection, found blood vessels originated from the heart
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| William Harvey | On the Motion of the Heart and Blood, based on obs and experiments, heart was center of circulation and blood makes circut as it passes through the body
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| Cartesian Dualism | duality b/w mind and body by Descartes
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| Empiricism | Part of sci method, inductive principles, carefully organized experiments and thorough, systematic observations
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| Spinoza | Philosophe believed in pantheism or monism; Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner; tried to rationalize God, humans,and their actions/emotions
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| Pascal | French sci tried to keep sci and R unified,Pensees: tried to convert rationalists to Christianity through reason and emotions
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| Spinoza | Philosophe believed in pantheism or monism; Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner; tried to rationalize God, humans,and their actions/emotions
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| Pascal | French sci tried to keep sci and R unified,Pensees: tried to convert rationalists to Christianity through reason and emotions
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| Pietism | Movement in Germany lead by Zinzendorf and Moravian Brethren to foster a personal and deeper devotion of God
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| Spirit of the Laws | Montesquieu's work, 1748, treatise was comparative study of govs to apply the sci method to the S and P to ascertain the "natural laws" governing the S relationships of humans
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| Cult Relativism | European intellectuals began to evaluate their civ relative to others, practice of reason
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| Cosmopolition | Sophisticated and international, enlightenment movement
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| Separation of Powers | Doctrine enunciated by Montesquieu in the 18c that separates executive, legislative, and judicial powers; England
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| E Liberalism | Physiocrats and Adam Smith laid foundation of E liberty; gov doesn't interfere with an individual's E
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| Romanticism | movement in 19c, emphasis on heart and sentiment
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| Rococo | Style that stressed majesty, power,grace, and gentle action; rejected geometrical patterns
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| Neoclassicism | Style that recaptures dignity and simplicity of the classical style of ancient Greece, Jacques-Louis David: Oath of the Horatii
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| Progroms | Jewish communities were looted and massacred
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| Wsley | Anglican Minister, had mystical experience and became missionary of English people
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| Louis XV | Weak and lazy king of France, Madame de Pompadour influenced gov decisions
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| King George | Hanoverian dynasty after death okf Queen Anne(Stuart), relied on Robert Walpole since he could not speak English
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| William Pitt | Spokesman became prime minister acquired Canada and India in 7 Years' War
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| Pragmatic Sanction | Different European powers agreed to recognize Charles VI's daughter, Maria Theresa as his legal heir
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| Primogeniture | Practice of treating the first son as the favorit
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| Jethro Tull | Discovered that using a hoe to keep the soil loose allowed air and moisture to reach plants and enabled them to grow better
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| Water Frame | Invented by Richard Arkwright; powered by horse aor water, turned out yarn faster than cottage spinning wheels
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| Tithes | Portion of harvest or income paid by peasants to church
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