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Chapter 14
European Exploration and Conquest
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Conversos | Jews who had converted to Christianity but were now suspected of backsliding into Judaism. |
| Charles V | This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation. |
| creoles | Spaniards born in the New World to Spanish parents |
| "Old Imperialism" | Characterized by establishment of posts and forts on coastal regions but not penetration inland to conquer entire regions or subjugate their populations. |
| Francis Xavier | led Jesuit missionaries to Asia where by 1550 thousands of natives had been converted to Christianity in India, Indonesia, and Japan. |
| Dutch East India Company | founded in 1602 and became the major force behind Dutch imperialism. |
| Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs in Mesoamerica by 1521 |
| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru |
| "Golden Age of Spain" | Resembled more the "New Imperialism" of the late 19th and early 20th century by outright conquering entire regions and subjecting their populations. |
| Encomienda system | Amerindians worked for an owner for certain number of days per week but retained other parcels of land to work for themselves |
| Meztizos | Spaniards married Amerindian women creating children of mixed white and Native American descent. |
| Bartolomew de las Casas | Priest and former conquistador whose father had accompanied Columbus on his 2nd voyage |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Division of new world discovered by Columbus between Spain and Portugal at the behest of Pope Leo V . |
| Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Discovered the Pacific Ocean after crossing the Isthmus of Panama in 1513. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | His ship was the first to circumnavigate the globe and charter the enormous size of the Pacific Ocean . |
| Conquistadores | Created Spain's New World empire by conquering Amerindians Ex: Hernandez Cortes & Francisco Pizzarro |
| Maximilian I | Holy Roman Emperor elected in 1273. He began a long line of Hapsburg emperors. His marriage caused the Holy Roman Empire to gain the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Burgundy. |
| Holy Roman Empire | An empire consisting primarily of a loose confederation of German and Italian territories under the suzerainty of an emperor and existing from the 9th or 10th century to 1806. |
| Hapsburgs | Royal family of Holy Roman Empire. |
| Mercantilism | A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on belief that a nation's international power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver |
| "God, glory, gold" | Primary motives of exploration |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | The king and queen of Spain in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. They united their country and sponsored the exploration of the New World by Christopher Columbus. |
| Reconquista | In medieval Spain and Portugal, a series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from the Muslims (Moors), who had occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century. |
| Spanish Inquisition | The institution that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain, chiefly by the persecution of heretics, Jews, etc, especially from the 15th to the 17th centuries. |
| Tomás de Torquemada | The First Grand Inquisitor of Spain and was a nephew of the celebrated theologian and cardinal, Juan de Torquemada. |
| Middle class (Bourgeoisie) | denoted the wealthy stratum of the that originated during the latter part of the Middle Ages |
| Columbian Exchange | Exchange of good and ideas between Europe, Americas, and Africa. Goods from America's where bananas, tobacco, and coffee. Goods from Africa were good and slaves. |
| Small pox | Disease in which the Aztecs suffered which also caused a defeat from Hernan Cortes and his 600 troops. |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | Financed numerous expeditions along the west African coastline in hopes of finding gold; ushered in a new era of European exploration |
| Bartholomew Dias | He rounded the southern tip of Africa in 1488 |
| Vasco Da Gama | Building on Dias' route,he completed an all water expedition to India in 1498; Brought back Indian goods creating a huge demand for them in Europe; was a cause of the economic and political decline of the Italian city-states. |
| Amerigo Vespucci | Explored Brazil; Perhaps the first European to realize that he had discovered a new continent in the New World. |
| Christopher Columbus | eager for Spain to compete with Portuguese expansion, Ferdinand and Isabella financed his voyage; 1492, he reached the Bahamas, believing he had reached the 'Indies' somewhere west of India. |
| Columbian Exchange | Refers to transfer of peoples, animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and New World. |
| smallpox | an acute, highly contagious, febrile disease,caused by a pustular eruption. Brought over by Europeans to the new world and victimized and killed many Natives due to their lack of immunity and resistence to this disease. |
| Syphilis | a chronic bacterial disease that is contracted chiefly by infection during sexual intercourse, but also congenitally by infection of a developing fetus. Victimized and killed Natives due to their lack of immunity and resistance to this disease |
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