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AP Euro Semester 1
Semester Final for Mrs.Shaw
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neoplatonism | Platonic philisophy traslated by Ficino |
| War of Roses | Civil war b/w ducal houses: Lancaster(red rose)and York(white rose) |
| Medici in Florence | Increase in banking(15th century) by the Medici family |
| Printing | Movable type invented by Johannes Gutenberg |
| Black Death | 1347-1351 crop failure, 15% of people died from famine. Bulges turn black |
| Estates | First:Clergy Second:Nobility Third:Peasants |
| Hermeticism/Pantheism | Translation of Corpus Hermeticum(sci and ph)/ divinity in all aspects of nature |
| Francesco Guicciardini | P backround helped him write history through P and military emphasis |
| Johannes Gutenberg | Inventor of movable type |
| New Monarchies | France, England, Spain at 15th century with centralized power |
| Syclif and Lollardy | John Wyclif hated clerical corruption, followeres were Lollardians |
| Hus and Hussites | John Hus also attacked clergy, burned at the stake, started Hussite wars |
| Sacrosanta and Frequens | Church received authority from God and holding of councils to ensure reform |
| Nepotism | Families serve in clergy for increase of power in church |
| Sack of Rome | 1527 under HRE Charles V |
| Fall of Constantinople | 1204 Byzantine power overthrown by Ottoman Turks |
| Entrepreneurs | Rulers who transfered titles to underground minerals to financiers as collateral for loans |
| Northern Humanism | focused on early manuscripts, sought to reform church last half of 15th century |
| Thomas More | Christian humanist and Lord Chancellor of England, wrote Utopia and gave life to King Henry VIII |
| Pluralism | High church officials taking over more than 1 office |
| Zwinglian Reformation | Ulrich Zwingli brought reform to Switzerland,Zurich; music, clergy, and pope eliminated |
| Charles V-Hapsburg | HRE tried to keep territory and christianity, abdicated in 1556 |
| Anabaptists | Radical reformers, mostly peasants affected by E, no one should be forced to accept bible |
| St.Bartholomew's Day Massacre | 1572 Bourbons were killed in Paris by Charles IX(persuaded by Guise family and Catherine de Midici), Henry of Navarre survived |
| Philip II | King of Spain and HRE lost Netherlands and Spanish armada lost to Queen Elizabeth |
| Queen Elizabeth | Killed Queen Mary, Act of Uniformity(church service), weakened France and Spain, supressed puratins and avoided war |
| Absenteeism | Church officeholders ignored duties ahdn hired underlings not qualified |
| Transubstantiation | Bread and wine transform to the body and blood of Jesus |
| Schmalkaldic League | 8 princes and 11 imperial cities(lutheran) formed to defend themselves from Charles V |
| Schmalkaldic Wars | 1546-1559, lutherans defeated at Battle of Muhlberg; Henry II+protistants defeated Charles, PEACE OF AUGSBURG |
| Habsburg-Valois Wars | War against Valois king of France, Francis I; 2 wars b/w 1521-1544 |
| War of 3 Henries | Henry duke of Guise vs. Henry III vs. Henry of Navarre 1588-1589 Henry of Navarre took the throne and turned Catholic |
| Puratins | Protistants w/in the Anglican church inspired to Calvinism to remove any trace of Catholicism from the curch of England |
| Price Revolution | Prices increased in Europe, commercial and industrial entrepreneurs benefited, growth of capitalism |
| Bartholomeu Dias | 1488 South Atlantic to Cape of Good Hope |
| Vasco da Gama | Reached East coast of Africa and set port of Calicut in India |
| Afonso de Albuquerque | Set port at Goa(headquarters of Portuguese trade in India) |
| Conquistador | Authorized by Castilian crown and financed privately, groups sent to conquer foreign lands |
| Middle Passage | Journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas |
| Witchcraft Craze | Village cult viewed as activities of the devil by M/E church, persecution increased in 17th century in protistant regions |
| Constitutional Monarchy | Constitution shares power w/ nobles or parliament giving head of state limited power, Instrument of Gov. in England by Cromwell and Bill of Rights in the Glorious Revolution |
| Mannerism and Baroque Art | Mannerist painters distorted proportion and conveyed strong emotions(El Greco); Baroque used dramatic effects to heighten emotional intensity(Peter Paul Rubens) |
| Cardinal Richelieu/Mazarin | Chief ministers that crushed conspiracies, executed royal authority, increase monarchial power and dept in France |
| Russian Serfdom | Tsar on top followed by upper class of landed aristocrats who bound their peasants to land |
| Orthodox Church | Merchants and peasants and schism revolted the Orthodox church |
| Vienna/Ottoman Empire | the Ottoman Turks under Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent with an effective gov. that expanded to the west, Vienna resisted |
| Janissaries | Christian boys taken from parents, converted to Muslim, and subjected to rigid military training; 8,000 troops loyal to sultan |
| House of Orange | Part of Dutch Rep. occupied the stadholderate in 7 provinces and favored centralized gov. w/ themselves as hereditary monarchs |
| Amsterdam | Financial and commercial capital of Europe w/ an increased population in 1610, founded Amsterdam Stock Exchange in commodities |
| James II | Catholic brother of Charles II who came to power in 1685 after English Civil War, protistant daughter Mary and William of Orange overthrew him |
| Bourbons | Calvanist dynasty fought France and Spain w/ England, United Provinces, Habsburg Austria, and German States(PEACE OF UTRECHT 1713 and OF RASTATT 1714) |
| Charles I/II | Charles I fought Cromwell in the English Civil War, Charles II reestablished the monarchy after Cromwell's death |
| Scientific Method | Bacon's empiricism + Descartes' rationalism: systematic observations and experiments |
| Antoine Lavoisier | Invented system of naming elements, founder of chemistry |
| Newton | Invented scientific method, 3 laws of gravity, and president of Royal Society |
| Renaissance Magic | Hermetic magic w/ alchemical thought, world was a living embodiment of divinity |
| Brahe | Danish noble man made record of his observations of the stars and planets, imperial mathmatician to Emperor Rudolf II |
| Kepler | 3 laws of planetary motion, eliminated idea of crystalline spheres revolving in circular orbits |
| Galileo | First to observe heavens w/ telescope: mountains and craters on moon, 4 moons of Jupiter, phases of Venus, and sunspots |
| Skepticism | Fontenelle, downplaying the R backgrounds of the 17c, church is enemy of scientific progress |
| Joseph II | New policy toward Jews, litte more freedom |
| High cult vs. Popular cult | High education and more literacy in high class; S activities and life of people, festivals |
| Edward Gibson | Author wrote "decline and fall of Roman Empire" |
| Immanuel Kant | German philosophe defined the Enlightenment as "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity" |
| David Hume | Pioneer of S science, used observation and reflection |
| Physiocrats | Founders of modern discipline of E, natural E laws that governed S |
| Francois Quesney | Leader of physiocrats, land constituted only source of wealth |
| Denis Diderot | Writer who complained of R and attacked Christianity viciously |
| Paul d' Holbach | Antheism and materialism, believed in classes |
| Marie-Jean de Condorcet | French philosophe claim for forgiveness, The Progress of the Human Mind |
| Jean Jacques Rousseau | Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind, most critical philosophe |
| S Contract | Rousseau, harmonize liberty w/ gov. authority |
| Feminism | Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Woman, women rights in enlightenment |
| General Directory | Frederick I, chief administrative agent of central gov.; supervised millitary, E, police, financial affairs |
| Reason of State | Joseph II, tried to put enlightenment ideas in the Habsburg state |
| Edict of Nantes | 1598 Catholicism offficial R of France but guaranteed Huguenots right to worship and allowed fortified towns |
| Administration of Spanish Empire | Administrative system based on Viceroy advised by Audiencias; catholic Spain was given extensive R power in the new world |
| Columbia Exchange | Import/Export trade b/w Europe and the Americas |
| Viceroy | King's chief civil and military officer, aided by audiencias; Viceroy of Lima |
| Audiencias | Advisory groups that helped viceroys and were supreme judicial bodies |
| Encomienda | Queen Izabella, permitted Spaniards to collect tribute from natives and used them as laborers; Indians were protected, given wages,and their spiritual needs were supervised |
| Joint-Stock Company | People bought shares in a company and received dividens on their investment while a board of directors ran the company |
| Commercial Capitalism | Commercial expansion mostly in Mediterranian, Low Countries, and Baltic region; Dutch ruled European and world trade |
| Mercantilism | Historian name for E tendencies that dominate E practices in 17c |
| Balance of Power | Richelieu eliminated P and military rights of Huguenots and preserved R ones |
| Golden Age Dutch Rep | Power struggle b/w Orange and rep, E prosper, Amsterdam became European trading city; United Provinces-Atlantic power |
| Gustavus Adolphus | Swedish king(30 Years' War) military genus got to Germany and died at Battle of Lutzen against Wallenstein |
| Bishop Jacques Bossuet | Chief theorists of divine-right mon.; P Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture |
| Edict of Fontainebleau | 1685 Louis XIV, destruction of Huguenot churches and closing of Protestant schools |
| Versailles | Residence of the king, reception hall for state affairs, office building for members of king's gov, home of royal officials and aristocratic courtiers |
| Jean-Baptise Colbert | Controller general of finances for Louis XIV; increase wealth and power of France through general adherence to mercantilism; gov regulation of E activities |
| Peace of Utrecht | War of Spanish Succession, United Provinces fought to prevent a Bourbon dynasty from taking over Europe(Louis XIV); throne of Spain and France were to remain seperate |
| Treaty of Karlowitz | Ottomans made siege to Vienna and Austrians defeated the Ottomans; Austria took over Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia |
| Romanovs | Aristocratic dynasty started by Michael Romanov 1613-1917 |
| Hohenzollerns | Prussia dynasty started in Brandenburg 1415; Fredericks brought it to greatness |
| Saint Petersburg | S gatherigs 3 times a week were held here during Peter the Great's rule |
| Great Norther War | Peter the Great vs Charles XII(Sweden), defeated Charles at Battle of Poltava; Peace of Nystadt, Peter gained Estonia, Livonia, and Karelia |
| Poland's Sejm | Polish diet, 2-chamber assembly where landowners dominated townspeople and lawyers; mon shared power with Sejm |
| Stuarts | Dynasty that took over after Tudors(Queen Elizabeth), King James I of Enland, Charles II(son) lost England to Cromwell |
| Levellers | Had ideas of freedom of speech, R toleration, and democratic rep; called for annual Parliaments, women equality, and care for the poor; Cromwell smashed them by force |
| Test Act | Catholics couldn't have positions in gov, military, navy, or universities in England |
| Peace of Pyrenees | 1659, War of Spanish Succession, France gained the Spanish Netherlands and Arois |
| Intendants | Royal officers sent by Richelieu to execute orders of the central gov |
| War of League of Augsburg | 1689-1697, Spain, HRE, United Provinces, Sweden, and England vs Louis XIV Treaty of Ryswick allowed him to keep Strasbourg and part of Alsace |
| War of Spanish Succession | 1702-1713 England, United Provinces, Hasburg Austria, German Staes vs France and Spain to stop Bourbon dynasty; treaty of Utrecht and of Rastatt |
| Philip III/IV | Philip III spent a fortune on his court and allowed Lerma to run the country; Philip IV advisor, Gaspar de Guzman did alot to help but war deprived Spain |
| Boyars | Russian nobility |
| Procurator | Layman that's head of Holy Synod who represented the interests of the tsar and assured Peter of effective domination of the church |
| Gentry | Well-to-do landowners below the nobility |
| Descartes | Made theory on the doubt that seperated mind from matter, father of rationalism |
| World Machine | Conceived as operating absolutely in time, space, and motion |
| Pracelsus | Philippus Aureolus von Hoheheim hoped to change medicine with chem ph(macrocosm-microcosm analogy), chem reactions of the universe are in humans |
| Vesalius | On Anatomical Procedures, anatomy with hands on dissection, found blood vessels originated from the heart |
| William Harvey | On the Motion of the Heart and Blood, based on obs and experiments, heart was center of circulation and blood makes circut as it passes through the body |
| Cartesian Dualism | duality b/w mind and body by Descartes |
| Empiricism | Part of sci method, inductive principles, carefully organized experiments and thorough, systematic observations |
| Spinoza | Philosophe believed in pantheism or monism; Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner; tried to rationalize God, humans,and their actions/emotions |
| Pascal | French sci tried to keep sci and R unified,Pensees: tried to convert rationalists to Christianity through reason and emotions |
| Spinoza | Philosophe believed in pantheism or monism; Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner; tried to rationalize God, humans,and their actions/emotions |
| Pascal | French sci tried to keep sci and R unified,Pensees: tried to convert rationalists to Christianity through reason and emotions |
| Pietism | Movement in Germany lead by Zinzendorf and Moravian Brethren to foster a personal and deeper devotion of God |
| Spirit of the Laws | Montesquieu's work, 1748, treatise was comparative study of govs to apply the sci method to the S and P to ascertain the "natural laws" governing the S relationships of humans |
| Cult Relativism | European intellectuals began to evaluate their civ relative to others, practice of reason |
| Cosmopolition | Sophisticated and international, enlightenment movement |
| Separation of Powers | Doctrine enunciated by Montesquieu in the 18c that separates executive, legislative, and judicial powers; England |
| E Liberalism | Physiocrats and Adam Smith laid foundation of E liberty; gov doesn't interfere with an individual's E |
| Romanticism | movement in 19c, emphasis on heart and sentiment |
| Rococo | Style that stressed majesty, power,grace, and gentle action; rejected geometrical patterns |
| Neoclassicism | Style that recaptures dignity and simplicity of the classical style of ancient Greece, Jacques-Louis David: Oath of the Horatii |
| Progroms | Jewish communities were looted and massacred |
| Wsley | Anglican Minister, had mystical experience and became missionary of English people |
| Louis XV | Weak and lazy king of France, Madame de Pompadour influenced gov decisions |
| King George | Hanoverian dynasty after death okf Queen Anne(Stuart), relied on Robert Walpole since he could not speak English |
| William Pitt | Spokesman became prime minister acquired Canada and India in 7 Years' War |
| Pragmatic Sanction | Different European powers agreed to recognize Charles VI's daughter, Maria Theresa as his legal heir |
| Primogeniture | Practice of treating the first son as the favorit |
| Jethro Tull | Discovered that using a hoe to keep the soil loose allowed air and moisture to reach plants and enabled them to grow better |
| Water Frame | Invented by Richard Arkwright; powered by horse aor water, turned out yarn faster than cottage spinning wheels |
| Tithes | Portion of harvest or income paid by peasants to church |
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