Digestive System
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| The passage of substances across and into tissues, such as the passage of digested food molecules into the intestinal cells or the passage of liquids into kidney tubules. | Absorption
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| A musculomembranous tube, about 30 ft long, extending from the mouth to the nus and lined with mucous membrane. Also called the digestive tract or the gastrointestinal tract. | alimentary canal
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| An organic chemical compound composed of one or more basic amino groups and one or more acidic carboxyl groups. | amino acids
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| An enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller charbohydrate molecules. | amylase
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| The opening through which the solid wastes (feces) are eliminated from the body. | anus
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| A water fluid containing ablumin, glucose, and elecrolyted that accumlates in the peritoneal cavity in association with certain disease conditions (such as liver disease). | ascitic fluid
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| One of the two teeth between the molars and canines of the upper and lower jaw, the bicuspid teeth have a flat surface with multiple projections (cusps) for crushing and grinding food; aslo known as premolar tooth. | bicuspid tooth
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| A bitter, yellow-green secretion of the liver. | bile
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| The orange-yellow pigment of bile, formed principally by the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells after termination of their normal life span. | bilirubin
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| The portion of the alimentary cancel extending from the pyloric opening of the stomach to the anus | bowel
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| Any one of the four teeth, two in each jaw, situated immediately lateral to the incisor teeth in the human dental arches; also called cuspid tooth. | canine tooth
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| The muscular ring (sphincter) in the stomach that controls the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach; also known as the lower espshageal sphincter. | cardiac sphincter
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| A cul-de-sac containing the first part of the large intestines. It joins the ileum, the last segment of the small intestines. | cecum
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| Abnormal presence of gallstones in the gallbaldder. | cholelithiasis
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| a liquidlike material of partially digested food and digestive secretions found in the stomach just before it is released into the duodenum. | chyme
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| The portion of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum. | colon
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| The duct formed by the joining of the cystic duct and hepatic duct. | common bile duct
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| The part of the tooth that is visible above the gum line. | crown
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| Any one of the four teeth, two in each jaw, situated immediately lateral to the incisor teeth in the human dental arches; also called cuspid tooth | cuspid tooth
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| The first set or primary teeth; baby teeth. | decidous teeth
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| The act of expelling feces from the rectum through the anus | defecation
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| swallowing | deglutition
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| The chief material of teeth surrounding the pulp and situated inside of the enamel and cementum | dentin
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| An allled health professional trained to plan nutrition programs for sick as well as healthy people. This may involve planning meals for a hospital or large organization or individualized diet counseling with patients | dietitian
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| Theprocess of altering the chemical and physical composition of food so that it can be used by the body cells. This occurs in the digestive tract. | digestion
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| A musculomembranous tube, about 30 ft long, extending from the mouth to the nus and lined with mucous membrane. Also called the digestive tract or the gastrointestinal tract. | digestive tract
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| The first portion of the small intestines. The duodenum is the shortest, widest, and most fixed portion of the small intestine - taking an almost circular course from the pyloric valve of the stomach so that its termination is close to its starting point. | duodenum
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| To diperse a liquid into another liquid, making a colloidal suspension. | emulsify
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| A hard, white substance that covers the dentin of the crown of the tooth. Enamel is the hardest substance in the body. | enamel
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| A gland that secretes its enzymes directly into the blood capillaries instead of being transported by the way of ducts. | endocrine gland
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| A protein by living cells that catalyzes chemical reactions in organic matter | enzyme
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| A muscular canal, about 24 cm ling, extending from the pharynx to the stomach | esophagus
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| A gland that secrets its enzymes into a network of tiny ducts that transport it to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel | exocrine gland
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| Any several organic acids produced by the hydrolysis of neutral fats | fatty acids
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| Waste or excrement from the digestive tract that is formedin the intestin and expelled through the rectum | feces
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| A pear0shaped excretory sac lodged in a fossa on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver | gallbladder
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| A medical doctor who specializes in the study of the diseases and disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract (including the stomach, intestines, gallbladder and the bile duct) | gastroenterologist
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| A musculomembranous tube, about 30 ft long, extending from the mouth to the nus and lined with mucous membrane. Also called the digestive tract or the gastrointestinal tract. | gastrointestinal tract
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| A procedure in which liquid or semiliquid food is introduced into the stomach through a tube. | gavage
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| gum tissue (singular;gingiva; plural gingivae | gingivae
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| A hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose when the blood sugar level is dangerously low. | glucagon
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| A simple sugar found in certian foods, especially fruits, and major source of energy occuring in human and animal body fluids | glucose
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| A complex sugar (starch) that is the major carbohydrate stored in animal cells. It is formed from glucose and stored chiefly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in muscle cells | glycogen
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| The conversion of simple sugar (glucose) into a complex form of sugar (starch) for the storage in the liver | glycogenesis
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| The breakdown of glycogen into glucose by the the liver, releasing it back into the circulating blood in the response to a very low blood sugar level | glycogenolysis
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| Liver cell | hepatocyte
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| A compund consisting of hydrogen and chlorine | hydrochloric acid
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| A distal portion of the small intestine extending from the jejunum to the cecum | ileum
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| One of the eight front teeth, four in each dental arch, that appear as primary teeth during infancy are replaced by permanent incisors during childhood and last until old age. | incisor
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| A naturally occurring hormaone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas in response to increased levels of glucose in the blood. | insulin
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| The intermediate or middle of the three portions of the small intestine, connecting proximally with the duodenum and distally with the ileum | jejunum
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| The process of irrigating (washing out) an organ - usually the bladder, bowel, paranasal sinuses, or stomach - for therapeutic purposes | lavage
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| An enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats | lipase
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| The largest gland of the body and one of its most complex organs | liver
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| The lower portion of the gastrointestinal tract consisting of te small and large intestines | lower GI tract
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| Chewing, tearing, or grinding food with the teeth while it becomes mixed with saliva | mastication
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| A point on the right side of the abdomen about 2/3rds of the distance between the umbilicus and the anterior bony prominence of the hip. When tenderness exists upon McBurney's point, a physician might suspect appendicitis | McBurney's point
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| Any of the 12 molar teeth, six in each dental arch, located posterior to the premolar teeth. The molar teeth have a flat surface with multiple projections (cusps) for crushing and grinding food | molar teeth
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| An allied health professinal who studies and applies the principles and science of nutrition | nutritionist
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| The section of the pharynx leading away from the oral cavity | oropharynx
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| A structure that forms the roof of the mouth | palate
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| An elongated organ approximately 6 to 9 inches long, located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen that secretes various substances such as digestive enzymes, insulin, and glucagon | pancreas
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| A small, nipple shaped projection (such as the conoid papillae of the tongue and the papillae of the corium) that extend from the collagen fibers, the capillary blood vessels, and sometimes the nerves of the dermis. | papillae
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| One of the largest pairs of salivary glands that lie at the side of the face just below and in front of the external ear. | parotid gland
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| The coordinated, rhythmic, serial contraction of smooth muscle that forces food through the digestive tractm bile through the bile duct, and urine through the ureters | peristalsis
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| A specific serous membrane that covers the entire abdominal wall of the body and is reflected over the contained viscera. | peritoneum
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| Inflammation of the peritoneum. | peritonitis
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| The full set of teeth (32 teeth) that replace the deciduous or temporary teeth | permanent teeth
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| The throat; a tubular structure about 13 cm long that extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus and is situated just in front of the cervical vertebrae | pharynx
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| Any soft spongy tissue-such as that contained within the spleen, the pulp chamber of the tooth, or the distal phalanges of the fingers and the toes | pulp
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| A thickened muscular ring in the stomach that regulates the passage of food from the pylorus of the stomach into the duodenum | phyloric sphincter
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| A sensation of severe pain experienced by the patient when the doctor applies deep pressure to the abdomen and releases it quickly. When this deep pressure is applied to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen at McBurney's point | rebound tenderness
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| The portion of the large intestine, about 12 cm long, continuous with the descending sigmoid colon (just proximal to the anal canal) | rectum
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| A ridge or fold (such as the rugae of the stomach) that presents large folds in the mucous membrane of that organ | rugae
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| The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary and mucous glands in the mouth | saliva
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| One of the three pairs of glands secreting into the mouth, thus aiding the digestive process | salivary glands
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| The portion of the colon that extends from the end of the descending colon on the pelvis to the juncture of the rectum | sigmoid colon
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| A cicular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening in the body, such as the hepatic sphincterin the muscular coat of the hepatic veins near the union with the superior vena cava | sphincter
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| The major organ of digestion located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen and divided into a body or pylorus | stomach
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| A compound consisting of a fatty acid(oleic, palmitic, or stearic) and glycerol | triglycerides
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| The upper part of the gastrointestinal tract consisting of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach | upper GI tract
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| The small, cone shaped process suspended in the mouth from the middleof the posterior border of the soft palate | uvula
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| One of the may tiny projections barely visible to the naked eye clustered over the entire mucous surface of the small intestine | villi
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| starch | amyl/o
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| appendix | append/o
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| appendix | appendic/o
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| enzyme | -ase
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| bile | bil/i
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| cheek | bucc/o
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| cecum | cec/o
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| pertaining to the abdomen | celi/o
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| surgical puncture | -centesis
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| lips | cheil/o
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| bile | chol/e
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| gallbladder | cholecyst/o
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| yellow, tawny | cirrh/o
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| colon | col/o
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| colon | colon/o
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| tooth | dent/o
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| duodenum (first part of the small intestines) | duoden/o
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| stretching or dilatation | -ectasia
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| surgical removal | -ectomy
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| to vomit | -emesis
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| intestine | enter/o
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| esophagus | esophag/o
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| stomach | gastr/o
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| gums | gingiv/o
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| tongue | gloss/o
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| sugar, sweet | gluc/o
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| sugar, sweet | glyc/o
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| liver | hepat/o
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| presence of an abnormal condition | -iasis
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| ileum | ile/o
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| jejunum | jejun/o
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| abdominal wall | lapar/o
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| tongue | lingu/o
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| fat | lip/o
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| stone; calculus | lith/o
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| mandible (lower jaw bone) | mandibul/o
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| mouth | or/o
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| pancreas | pancreat/o
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| state of digestion | -pepsia
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| to eat | -phagia
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| pharynx | pharyng/o
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| peritoneum | peritone/o
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| surgical repair | -plasty
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| anus or rectum | proct/o
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| rectum | rect/o
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| excessive flow or discharge | -rrhagia
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| suturing | -rrhaghy
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| salivary gland; saliva | sial/o
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| sigmoid colon | sigmoid/o
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| twitching, involuntary contraction | -spasm
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| fat | steat/o
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| mouth | stomat/o
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| perforation | -tresia
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| intentional crushing | -tripsy
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| Achlorhydra is an abnormal condition characterized by the absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice | achlorhydria
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| Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat | anorexia
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| Aphagia is a condition characterised by the loss of the ability to swallow as a result or organic or psychologic causes | aphagia
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| An abnormal accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity. The fluid contains large amounts of protein and electrolytes | ascites
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| A borborygmus is an audible abdominal sound produced by the herpactive intestinal peristalsis. Borborygmi are rumbling, gurgling, and tinkling noises heard when listening with a stethoscope | borborygmus
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| Constipation is the difficulty in passing stools, or an incomplete or infrequent passage of hard stools | constipation
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| the frequent passage of loose watery stools | diarrhea
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| A vague feeling of epigastric discomfort after eating. Dyspepsia involves an uncomfortable feeling of fullness, hearthburn, bloating, and nausea | dyspepsia
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| Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing, commonly associated with obstructive or motor disorders of the esophagus | dysphagia
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| Excessive leanness caused by disease or lack of nutrition is emaciation | emaciation
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| The material expelled from the stomach during vomiting; vomitus | emesis
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| Eructation is the act of bringing up air from the stomach with the characteristic sound through the mouth; belching | eructation
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| Flatus or flatulence is air or gas in the intestine that is passed through the rectum | flatus; flatulence
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| gastroesphageal reflus is a backflow of contect of the stomach into the esophagus that is often the result of incompetence of the low esophageal sphincter | gastroesophageal reflux
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| A yello discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera of the eyes caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood; also called jaundice | icterus
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| Melena is an abnormal, black , tarry stool containing digested blood | melena
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| An unpleasant sensation often leading to the urge to vomit | nausea
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| Pruritus ani is common chronic condition of itching of the skin around the anus | prurutus ani
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| Greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces, characterized by frothy foul smelling fecal matter that floats (as in celiac disease), some malabsorption syndromes, and any condition in which fats are poorly absorbed by the small intestines | steatorrhea
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| To expel the content of the stomach through the esophagus and out the mouth | vomit
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| Decreased mobility of the lower two-thirds of the esophagus along with constriction of the lower esophageal sphincter | achalasia
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