Chabner, Language of Medicine 11th edition-Chapter 05 Vocabulary Words
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| absorption | Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream
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| amino acids | Small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digested
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| amylase | Enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch
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| anus | Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of body
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| appendix | Blind pouch hanging from the cecum
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| bile | Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules; composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts
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| bilirubin | Pigment released by the liver in bile
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| bowel | Intestine
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| canine teeth | Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteeth
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| cecum | First part of the large intestine
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| colon | Consists of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments
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| common bile duct | Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum; also called the choledochus
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| defecation | Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus
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| deglutition | Swallowing
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| dentin | Primary material found in teeth; covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root
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| digestion | Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
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| duodenum | First part of the small intestine; measures 12 inches long
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| elimination | Act of removal of materials from the body
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| emulsification | Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules
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| enamel | Hard, outermost layer of a tooth
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| enzyme | Chemical that speeds up reactions between substances; enzyme names end in –ase
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| esophagus | Tube connecting the throat to the stomach
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| fatty acids | Substances produced when fats are digested; a category of lipids
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| feces | Solid wastes; stool
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| gallbladder | Small sac under the liver; stores bile
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| glucose | Simple sugar
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| glycogen | Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells
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| hydrochloric acid | Substance produced in the stomach; necessary for digestion of food
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| ileum | Third part of the small intestine
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| incisor | One of four front teeth in the dental arch
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| insulin | Hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas; transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver
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| jejunum | Second part of the small intestine
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| lipase | Pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fats
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| liver | Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out RBCs; filters out toxins; normal adult liver weighs about 2 ½ to 3 pounds
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| lower esophageal sphincter (LES) | Ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach; cardiac sphincter
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| mastication | Chewing
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| molar teeth | Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch
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| palate | Roof of the mouth
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| pancreas | Organ behind the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes
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| papillae (singular: papilla) | Small, projections on the tongue
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| parotid gland | Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
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| peristalsis | Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs
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| pharynx | Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose
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| portal vein | Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
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| protease | Enzyme that digests protein
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| pulp | Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels
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| pyloric sphincter | Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum; opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it
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| pylorus | Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum
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| rectum | Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus
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| rugae | Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
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| saliva | Digestive juice produced by salivary glands; contains the enzyme amylase
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| salivary glands | Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands
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| sigmoid colon | Fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum
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| sphincter | Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
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| stomach | Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus
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| triglycerides | Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; subgroup of lipids
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| uvula | Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate
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| villi (singular: villus) | Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
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