Human Geography
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| Demography | the study of general population trends.
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| Population Density | measure of total population relative to land area.
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| Arithmetic Population Density | Number of people per unit area of land. To calculate: Divide the population of an area by the amount of land (in sq miles or sq km).
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| Population Distribution | the description of the pattern in the spatial arrangement of people, including where large numbers of people live closely together (clustering) and where few people live (dispersed)..
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| Dot Maps | Thematic map where individual symbols represent a certain number of cases of a phenomenon. For example, a map where one dot represents 100,000 people.
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| Megalopolis | An urban agglomeration that stretches from Washington, DC in the south to Boston, Massachusetts in the north.
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| Natural increase rate | Difference between number of births and deaths in a year. Positive if births exceed deaths and negative if deaths exceed births. Does not include emigration and immigration.
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| Crude birth rate (CBR) | the number of live births per year per thousand people.
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| Crude death rate (CDR) | the number of deaths per year per thousand people.
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| Contraceptive prevalence rate | the percentage of women ages 15 to 49 who are currently using or whose partner is currently using at least one contraceptive method.
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| Doubling time | Time required for a population to double in size.
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| Total fertility rate (TFR) | the average number of children born to women of childbearing age (between 15 and 49).
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| Old-age dependency ratio | the relationship between the number of people over the age of 65 and the working-age population between 15 and 64.
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| Child dependency ratio | Number of people between the ages of 0 and 14 for every 100 people between the ages of 15-64 (working age population).
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| Population composition | the structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as marital status and education.
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| Population pyramids | graphic representations of the age and sex composition of a population
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| Demographic Transition | a model suggesting that a country’s birth rate and death rate change in predictable ways over stages of economic development
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| Zero population growth | A state in which a population is maintained at a constant level because the number of deaths is exactly offset by the number of births.
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| Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) | the probability that a child will die before reaching the age of 1 year.
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| Life expectancy | the average number of years a person is expected to live
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| Epidemiology transition | holds that as a country moves from high population growth rates to stable population growth rates, the causes of death and the age at which people are afflicted by disease change.
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| Infectious diseases | Diseases that are spread by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Infectious diseases diffuse directly or indirectly from human to human.
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| Degenerative diseases | Diseases that come with old age.
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| Genetic or Inherited Diseases | Diseases that trace back to our genetic makeup
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| Malaria | Vectored disease spread by a certain type of mosquitoes.
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| Expansive population policies | encourage large families and raise the rate of natural increase.
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| Eugenic population policies | designed to favor one racial or cultural group by discouraging ostracized groups from having children.
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| Restrictive population policies | designed to reduce a population’s natural increase rate.
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