bone modification
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| Which of the following skeletal anomalies appears as though single bones are made up of multiple segment? (A) Miscellaneous anomalies (B) Accessory bones (C) Nonfusion anomalies (D) Accessory foramen | (C) Nonfusion anomalies | pp. 345–351
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| Which of the following skeletal anomalies involves extra bones within other bones? (A) Accessory bones (B) Nonfusion anomalies (C) Accessory foramen (D) Miscellaneous anomalies | (C) Deformative lesions | pp. 344–345
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| A cancerous tumor on a bone would fall into which of the following pathological conditions? (A) Lytic lesions (B) Proliferative lesions (C) Deformative lesions (D) All of the above | (B) Proliferative lesions | pp. 338–339
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| Which of the following pathological conditions involves the unnatural shape of bone? (A) Lytic lesions (B) Proliferative lesions (C) Deformative lesions (D) All of the above | (D) All of the above | pp. 338–339
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| An abnormal bony spur would be which of the following pathological conditions? (A) Lytic lesions (B) Proliferative lesions (C) Deformative lesions (D) All of the above | (B) Proliferative lesions | pp. 338–339
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| Which of the following pathological conditions involves abnormal bone loss? (A) Lytic lesions (B) Proliferative lesions (C) Deformative lesions (D) All of the above | (A) Lytic lesions | pp. 338–339
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| Which of the following antemortem skeletal conditions involves accessory ossicles, nonfusions, and accessory foramen? (A) Pathological conditions (B) Skeletal anomalies (C) Markers of occupational stress (D) All of the above | (B) Skeletal anomalies | p. 337
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| Which of the following antemortem skeletal conditions involves modification to bone due to atypical body movements during life? (A) Pathological conditions (B) Skeletal anomalies (C) Markers of occupational stress (D) All of the above | (C) Markers of occupational stress | pp. 337–338
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| Which of the following antemortem skeletal conditions involves lytic, proliferative, and deformative lesions? (A) Pathological conditions (B) Skeletal anomalies (C) Markers of occupational stress (D) All of the above | (A) Pathological conditions | pp. 338–339
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| Which of the following skeletal anomalies involves extra openings in bones? (A) Accessory bones (B) Nonfusion anomalies (C) Accessory foramen (D) Miscellaneous anomalies | (C) Accessory foramen | pp. 345–351
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| Which of the following characteristics of an accessory bone distinguishes it from blunt force trauma? (A) Irregular outline (B) No fracture lines (C) Cortical bone on edges (D) All of the above | (D) All of the above | p. 345
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| Which of the following characteristics of nonfusion anomalies distinguishes them from blunt force trauma? (A) Appearance at ossification centers (B) No fracture lines (C) Cortical bone on edges (D) All of the above | (D) All of the above | p. 348
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| Which of the following bones in the human skeleton can exhibit discrete markers associated with occupations? (A) Vertebrae (B) Calvicle (C) Scapula (D) All of the above | (D) All of the above | p. 358
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| Which of the following occupations could result in grooves appearing in your teeth? (A) Diving (B) Milkman (C) Carpentry (D) Fruit picking | (C) Carpentry | p. 358
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| Which of the following occupational stress markers involve exostoses, spinal angulation, facets, and grooves? (A) Lesions of insertion area (B) Osteophytosis (C) Descrete markers (D) Fractures | (C) Descrete markers | pp. 354–356
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| Which of the following occupational stress markers involve bony spurs and ridging? (A) Lesions of insertion area (B) Osteophytosis (C) Descrete markers (D) Fractures | (B) Osteophytosis | pp. 354–356
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| Which of the following occupational stress markers involve lytic lesions and enlarged areas where muscle attaches to bone? (A) Lesions of insertion area (B) Osteophytosis (C) Descrete markers (D) Fractures | (A) Lesions of insertion area | pp. 354–356
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| Which of the following occupational stress markers could be mistaken for a pathological condition? (A) Osteophytosis (B) Hypertorphy (C) Deformations (D) All of the above | (D) All of the above | pp. 354–356
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| Which of the bones have round, or near round, anomalous openings that could be mistaken for projectile trauma? (A) Sternum (B) Humerus (C) Scapula (D) All of the above | (D) All of the above | pp. 350, 353, 354
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| The septal aperture, which appears like a projectile wound, occurs in what bone? (A) Humerus (B) Femur (C) Skull (D) Vertebrae | (A) Humerus | p. 351
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| Which of the following parts of the human skeleton can exhibit accessory foramen? (A) Face (B) Skull base (C) Appendicular skeleton (D) All of the above | (D) All of the above | pp. 351–352
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| Which of the following segments of the human skeleton can exhibit nonfusion anomalies? (A) Axial skeleton (B) Thorax (C) Appendicular skeleton (D) All of the above | (D) All of the above | p. 349
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| Which of the following is a reason to study antemortem skeletal conditions? (A) They may be mistaken for perimortem trauma (B) They may be mistaken for postmortem damage (C) They may provide information on the life of the descedent (D) All of the above | (D) All of the above | p. 336
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| Accessory bones have lines that radiate from them similar to fracture lines due to blunt force trauma (A) True (B) False | (B) False | p. 345
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| Various cranial ossicles might be mistaken for evidence of sharp force trauma if care is not taken during analysis. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | p. 345
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| Skeletal anomalies include accessory ossicles, nonfusions, and extra foramen. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | pp. 344–345
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| Deformative lesions are likely to be mistaken for proliferative lesions. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | pp. 344–3
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| Proliferative lesions include osteophytes, osteomas, and generalized bone disease. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | pp. 341–342
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| Lytic lesions can be mistaken for perimortem trauma or postmortem damage because of the loss of bone in conditions such as anemia, necrosis, and abscesses. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | pp. 338–341
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| Lytic lesions have none of the characteristics of perimortem trauma. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | pp. 338–341
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| Necrosis involves loss of bone due to a birth defect. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | p. 340
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| Of the three basic types of pathologies, lytic lesions are the least likely to be mistaken for trauma. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | pp. 338–339
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| Without careful analysis, pathological conditions might be mistaken for trauma. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | p. 336
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| Nonfusion anomalies are similar to lytic lesions. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | p. 348
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| Nonfusion anomalies often involve the continuance of an immature condition into adulthood. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | pp. 348–351
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| A common nonfusion anomaly of the sternum can be mistaken for a projectile wound. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | p. 350
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| Stress fractures occur only due to age. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | pp. 357–358
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| Osteophytes in the thoracic vertebrae is one of many occupational stress markers. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | p. 356
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| Grooves are occupational stress markers that are similar to facets. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | p. 356
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| Facets occur where two bone surfaces contact each other near a joint. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | p. 356
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| Occupations involving heavy use of limbs can result in enlarged areas of muscle insertion. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | p. 355
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| Osteophytosis only occurs as proliferative pathological lesions that increase in frequency with age. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | p. 356
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| Occupational stress markers include conditions similar to lytic lesions. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | pp. 354–358
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| A pseudarthrosis involves nonfusion of two segments of a bone. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | p. 352
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| A trephination has all of the characteristics of a gunshot wound. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | p. 352
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| Accessory foramina are similar to lytic lesions. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | p. 351
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| The human body often has deviations from the norm that must be known to forensic anthropologists to avoid errors in skeletal analysis. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | p. 336
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| Which of the following phases of water transport causes damage to the body? (A) First, when body sinks to bottom of body of water (B) Second, when body floats to surface (C) Third, when individual bones are moved (D) All of the above | (D) All of the above | pp. 378–379
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| Which of the following types of saws cause coarse, straight striations on a cut bone surface? (A) Circular saw with many teeth (B) Straight saw with many teeth (C) Circular saw with few teeth (D) Straight saw with few teeth | (D) Straight saw with few teeth | pp. 364–367
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| Which of the following types of saws cause fine, straight striations on a cut bone surface? (A) Circular saw with many teeth (B) Straight saw with many teeth (C) Circular saw with few teeth (D) Straight saw with few teeth | (B) Straight saw with many teeth | pp. 364–367
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| Which of the following aspects of saws would be of interest to law enforcement agencies in cases of dismemberments? (A) Number of teeth (B) Blade width (C) Blade shape (D) All of the above | (D) All of the above | p. 361
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| Which of the following types of saw marks on bone would not contain information on the width of the instrument used in a dismemberment? (A) Superficial false start scratches (B) False start kerfs (C) Sectioned bone cuts (D) Breakaway spur | (A) Superficial false start scratches | pp. 362–364
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| Which of the following types of saw marks on bone contains the least amount of information about the instrument used in a dismemberment? (A) Superficial false start scratches (B) False start kerfs (C) Sectioned bone cuts (D) Breakaway spur | (A) Superficial false start scratches | pp. 362–364
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| Which of the following characteristics of saws is most helpful in determining the blade width of a saw used to dismember a human body? (A) Type of saw (e.g., crosscut, rip) (B) Tooth set (C) Saw shape (e.g., straight, circular) (D) All of the above | (B) Tooth set | pp. 362–364
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| Which of the following steps for analyzing dismemberments is common to all forensic anthropological analyses? (A) Photograph cut bone ends (B) Removal of 3 inches of bone around cut (C) Incise an identification notch in lab bone cut (D) Removal of soft tissue | (D) Removal of soft tissue | pp. 361–362
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| Which of the following forms of postmortem changes are most likely caused by exposure to rain and sunshine? (A) Dismemberments (B) Scavenging (C) Water transport damage (D) Weathering | (D) Weathering | pp. 360–361
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| Which of the following forms of postmortem changes are most likely caused by carnivores? (A) Dismemberments (B) Scavenging (C) Water transport damage (D) Weathering | (B) Scavenging | pp. 360–361
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| Which of the following postmortem injuries to bone are likely caused by carnivores? (A) Punctures (B) Pits (C) Scoring (D) All of the above | (D) All of the above | pp. 367–371
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| Which of the following postmortem injuries to bone are likely caused by carnivores chewing on the ends of bones? (A) Punctures (B) Pits (C) Scoring (D) Furrows | (D) Furrows | p. 367–371
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| Which of the following forces cause bones to crack? (A) Weathering (B) Burial (C) Fire (D) All of the above | (D) All of the above | pp. 371–378
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| Which of the following occurs in bone that has been exposed for a considerable length time to weathering? (A) Cracking (B) Flaking (C) Shrinkage (D) All of the above | (D) All of the above | pp. 375–377
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| Which of the following color changes is associated with a high-temperature fire? (A) Brown (B) Black (C) Yellow (D) White | (D) White | p. 375
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| Which of the following results of fire damage is most likely to be mistaken for being due to blunt trauma? (A) Blackening of bone (B) Transverse fractures (C) Bone shrinkage (D) Checkerboard fractures | (B) Transverse fractures | p. 373
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| Which of the following results of fire damage is most likely to affect sex and stature calculations? (A) Blackening of bone (B) Checkerboard fractures (C) Bone shrinkage (D) Concentric fractures | (C) Bone shrinkage | p. 374
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| Which of the following color changes is associated with a low-temperature fire? (A) Brown (B) Dark grey (C) Blue (D) White | (A) Brown | p. 373
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| Fire damage takes which of the following forms? (A) Blackening of bone (B) Checkerboard fractures (C) Concentric fractures (D) All of the above | (B) Checkerboard fractures | pp. 371–375
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| Which of the following postmortem injuries to bone are likely caused by rodents? (A) Punctures (B) Pits (C) Grooves (D) Furrows | (C) Grooves | p. 371
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| Which of the following postmortem injuries to bone caused carnivores is not seen in human dismemberments? (A) Removal of the upper limbs (B) Removal of anterior portions of the chest (C) Removal of the lower limbs (D) All of the above | (B) Removal of anterior portions of the chest | pp. 361, 367–371
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| Which of the following forms of postmortem changes are most likely caused by humans? (A) Dismemberments (B) Scavenging (C) Water transport damage (D) Weathering | (A) Dismemberments | pp. 360–361
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| Which of the following is a reason to study forensic taphonomy? (A) Postmortem damage may appear as perimortem trauma (B) Postmortem damage may be misidentified as a health condition (C) Postmortem damage may provide information surrounding death of descedent (D) All of the above | (D) All of the above | p. 360
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| In cases of dismemberment, accident is the most likely manner of death. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | p. 361
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| Dismemberment can be due to both natural (e.g., carnivores) and artificial (e.g., humans) forces. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | pp. 360–361
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| Postmortem changes to human remains can be due to natural (e.g., weather) or artificial (e.g., human caused) forces. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | p. 360
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| Water transport damage involves bone shrinkage that could negatively influence calculations of stature. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | pp. 378–379
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| Burial damage involves bone shrinkage that could negatively influence calculations of stature. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | pp. 377–378
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| Weathering can mimic the effects of blunt force trauma as well as obscure its presence. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | . 377
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| Weathering can cause cracking, warping, and flaking of cortical bone. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | pp. 375–376
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| Bone shrinkage due to fire can be extensive and could negatively influence calculations of stature. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | p. 374
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| The human skull can explode during burning due to the buildup of steam pressure inside the cranial vault. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | pp. 373–374
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| There are a number of different saws that can be used to dismember a human body. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | p. 362
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| A false start kerf is caused when a saw blade is drawn across a bone without much pressure. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | p. 363
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| Bone that has been burned for a long time in a hot fire (e.g., over 800°) will be black in color. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | p. 375
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| Although burning can remove a lot of information about the sex, age, race, and other characteristics of a victim, positive identification is still possible. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | p. 371
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| There are differences in the pattern of skeletal removal between the carnivore scavenging and human-caused dismemberment. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | p. 371
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| Carnivore scavenging involves random consumption and dismemberment of human remains. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | pp. 370–371
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| Carnivores can cause punctures, pits, and scoring on human bone. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | pp. 367–369
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| Hand saws generally leave cuts in bone with smooth, almost polished walls. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | pp. 366–367
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| Striations on the cut surface of bone can aid in the determination of blade shape. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | p. 363
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| The width of a kerf is the same as the width of the saw blade that caused it. (A) True (B) False | (B) False | p. 362
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| The length breakaway spur may provide a clue as to the width of the saw blade used to cut bone. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | pp. 363–364
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| The checkerboard cracking due to fire is fairly distinct, and unlikely to be confused with cracks formed from other forces. (A) True (B) False | (A) True | p. 373
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| Which of the following bones in the human skeleton can exhibit fractures associated with occupations? (A) Vertebrae (B) Radius (C) Calcaneous (D) All of the above | (D) All of the above | p. 358
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