Chapter 7
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| ecumene | inhabited portion of the earth's surface
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| urban areas | high concentrations of people
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| suburbs | residential areas near cities
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| rural areas | low concentrations
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| settlement | place with a permanent population
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| urbanization | process of developing towns
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| percent urban | indicator of the proportion of the population that lives in cities and towns as compared to those that live in rural areas
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| sub urbanization | the process of people moving to residential areas on the outskirts of cities
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| re urbanization | suburbanites return to live in the city
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| ex urbanization | move farther out into rural areas and work remotely
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| satellite city | town near a very large city grows into a city independent of the larger one
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| City states | consists of an urban center and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages.
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| urban hearths | areas associated with river valleys, Iraq, Egypt, Pakistan, China, Mexico, and South America.
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| Metropolitan Statistical Areas | Geographic area that includes a central city and all of its immediately interacting countries at least 50,000 people
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| Megalopolis | when MSA's overlap, chain of connected cities
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| Micropolitan Statistical Area | includes areas and surrounding areas of 10,000 to 50,000 people, smaller that a metropolitan statistical area
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| cultural Diversity | what activities can be participated in and what people are located there
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| Preindustrial Cities | developed prior to the industrial age, similar characteristics, surrounded by agricultural production on the outside of the city
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| Streetcar suburbs | communities that grew up along rail lines
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| urban system | an interdependent set of cities within a region
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| gravity model | places that are larger and closer together will have a greater interaction than places that are smaller and farther away from each other
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| Rank-size rule | # largest city in any region will be 1/# the size of the largest city
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| primate city | largest city (Primate city) in an urban system is more than twice as large as the next largest city
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| central place theory | Walter Christaller, 1933, explains the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region
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| central place | location where people go to receive goods and services
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| Threshold | the size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable
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| Range | the distance people will travel to obtain specific goods and services
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| megacities | worlds largest cities, more than 10 million people
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| World cities | exert influence far beyond their national boundaries, New York, Tokyo, London, and Paris
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| conurbation | merged into a single, uninterrupted urban area
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| social heterogeneity | the population of cities contain a great variety of people
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| Borchert's model | John Borchert, describes urban growth based on transportation technology
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| pedestrian cities | cities shaped by the distances people could walk
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| functional zonation | portions of an urban area have specific and distinct purposes
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| central business district | commercial heart of a city
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| concentric zone model | rings that surround the CBD, first zone is transition zone, next three are residential zones, greater distance from CBD = more expensive and costly homes
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| sector model | housing located near CBD, low medium and high income housing, sector for transportation edge to center
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| multiple nuclei model | functional zonation occurred around the centers, look at model image
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| peripheral model | suburban neighborhoods surround an inner city, served by nodes of commercial activity along a ring road
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| galactic city models | spread of U.S. cities outward from the CBD to the suburbs
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| edge cities | nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities
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| shantytowns | poorly built housing
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| favelas | neighborhoods where extreme poverty, homelessness, and lawlessness are common
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| basic economic base | brings money into a city and gives the city its primary function
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| nonbasic economic base | moves money within the city, does not take money from outside of the city
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| blockbusting | black families move into white neighborhoods and then white families sell their homes
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| redlining | outline an area and not lean money to African Americans in the area
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| gentrification | older locations are rebuild and renovated
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| suburbanization | centrifugal movement of people out of the urban areas to suburban areas
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| site | absolute location of a city, trade defense and religion
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| situation | relative location of a city
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| urban morphology | the layout of a city, its physical form and structure
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| commercialization | governments transform the central city to attract residents and tourists
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| planned communities | planned out from beginning to end
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| gated communities | surrounded by a gate, safe
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| invasion and succession | one social group gradually replaces another through filtering
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| census tracts | regions that function as the building blocks of a census
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| inner cities | regions just outside the CBD
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| underclass | people who face social hardships that contribute to their poverty
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| ghettos | areas of poverty occupied by a minority group
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| urban heat island | a portion of a city warmer than the surrounding regions
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| deindustrialization | companies move to other cheaper regions
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| centrality | The functional dominance of cities within an urban system
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| colonial city | wider streets,larger houses, and lower density
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| commuter zone | the fifth ring in the concentric zone model that is beyond the continuous built-up area of the city
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| counterurbanization | net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries
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| decentralization | activities are away from a central location or group
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| early cities | cities of the ancient world
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| emerging cities | city currently without much population but increasing in size at a fast rate
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| employment suture | how the workforce is divided up between the three main employment sectors - primary, secondary, and tertiary
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| ethnic neighborhood | a neighborhood in which the people who live in there and share physical, mental, and cultural traits
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| female- headed household | a household in which the most powerful person is a female
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| festival landscape | a landscape of cultural festivities
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| great cities | a city with a population of more then 1 million
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| high- tech corridors | thousands of high tech businesses and industries
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| hinterland | the area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services
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| hydraulic civilization | people who grew up or live on/by water
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| indigenous city | a center of population, commerce, and culture that is native to a country
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| in-filling | the use of vacant land for further construction
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| informal sector | economic activity neither taxed or monitored by a government
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| infrastructure | the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area
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| lateral commuting | commuting between two suburbs
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| medieval cities | cities that existed during the time frame of the middle ages
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| multiplier effect | the expansion of the money supply
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| office park | an area of land in which many office buildings are grouped together
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| peak land value intersection | land within a settlement with the greatest land value and commerce
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| postmodern urban landscape | Attempts to reconnect people to the place
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| racial steering | real estates guide prospective buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race
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| restrictive covenants | prevent property sale to a person of a particular race or religion
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| segregation | the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group
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| nucleated | a compact, closely packed settlement
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| dispersed | lower density of population and the wide spacing of individual homesteads
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| elongated | long and narrow in shape
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| shopping mall | mercantile establishment consisting of a carefully landscaped complex of shops representing leading merchandisers
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| slum | a heavily populated urban area characterized by substandard housing and squalor
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| social structure |
social organization based on established patterns of social interaction between different relationships
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| specialization | separation of tasks within a system
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| squatters | people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent
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| grid | streets are arranged in a grid-like fashion
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| dendritic | fewer streets, based on the amount of traffic each is intended to carry
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| access | provides access to a subdivision, housing project, or highway
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| control | allows highways or housing projects to be supervised
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| symbolic landscape | landscape that depicts symbols
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| tenement | An apartment building
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| town | an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city
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| underemployment | Employed at a job that does not fully use one's skills or abilities
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| urban growth rate | The rate at which an urban area grows
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| urban function | Services that are provided in a certain urban area
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| urban hierarchy | A ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions.
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| urban hydrology | Study of water in Urban areas and how to treat it
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| urbanized population | Population that lives in Urban areas
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| zone in transition |
area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD
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| zoning | dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes
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| cityscapes |
the urban equivalent of a landscape
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