Terms, Abbreviations & Meanings
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| AD | Alzheimer disease
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| ADHD | attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
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| ADL | activited of daily living
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| AIMS | abnormal involuntary movement scale
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| ASD | autism spectrum disorder
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| CA | chronological age
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| CBT | cognitive behavior therapy
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| CNS | central nervous system
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| DSM-IV-TR | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, revised
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| DT | delerium tremens
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| ECT | electroconvulsive therapy
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| IQ | intellegent quotient
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| LSD | lysergic acid diethylamide
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| MA | mental age
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| MAO | monoamine oxidase
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| MDD | major depressive disorder
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| MMPI | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
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| MR | mental retardation
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| OCD | obsessive-complusive disorder
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| PDD | pervasive developmental disorder
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| PTSD | post-traumatic stress disorder
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| Rx | therapy
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| SAD | seasonal addective disorder
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| SSRI | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
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| TAT | Thermatic Apperception Test
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| TD | tardive dykinesia
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| THC | delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
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| WAIS | Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale
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| WISC | Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children
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| affect | external expression of emotion; emotional response
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| agoraphobia | fear of leaving home or leaving a safe place
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| amnesia | loss of memory
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| amphetaphines | CNS stimulants
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| anorexia nervosa | eating disorder of excessive dieting & refusal to maintain normal body weight
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| antisocial personality | characterized by lack of loyalty or concern for others & lack of moral standards
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| anxiety disorders | charaterized by unpleasant tensions, distress & avoidance behavior
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| anxiolytic | drug that relieves anxiety & produces relaxing effect
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| apathy | adsence of emotions; lack of interest or emotional involvement
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| Asperger syndrome | pervasive developmental disorder, typically milder than autism
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| characterized by delays in socilization & communication skills | Asperger syndrome
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| atypical antupsychotics | drugs used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, & other psychoses
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| autism | severe lack of responsiveness to others, preoccupation with inner thoughts, withdrawl & retarded lanuage development
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| autistic thought | preoccupation with self-centered, illogical ideas & fantasies that exclude external world
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| benzodiazepines | drugs used to treat anxiety & panic attacks
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| bipolar disorder | mood disorder with alternating periods of mania & depression
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| borderline personality | instability in interpersonal relationships & sense of self; alternating involvement with & rejection of people
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| bulimia nervosa | eating disorder marked by binge eating followed by vomitting, defecation & depression
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| cannabis | actuve substance in marijuanal THC
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| catatonia | immobility, muscular rigidity & mutism induced by a psychological disorder such as schizophrenia
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| claustrophobia | dear of closed-in places
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| cognitive behvioral therapy | changing behavior patterns & response by training, repetition & learning how thinking patterns cause symptoms
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| compulsion | uncontrollable urge to perform an act repeatedly
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| conversion disorder | physcial symptom appears with no organic basis & as result of anxiety & inner conflict
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| cyclothymia | chronic mood disturbance involving several periods of depression and hypomania
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| mild form of bipolar disorder | cyclothymia
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| defense mechanism | unconcious technique that person uses to resolve or conceal conflicts & anxiety
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| delirium | confusion in thinking; faulty perceptions & irrational behavior
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| delirium tremens | confusion in thinking, anziety, tremors, & sweating ocurring with withdrawl from excessive/habitual use of alcohol
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| delusion | fixed, false belief that cannot be changed by logical reasoning or evidence
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| dementia | loss of higher mental functioning, including memory, judgement & reasoning
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| depression | major mood disorder marked by chronic & excessive sadness, loss of energy, hopelessness, worry & discouragement
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| dissociative disorder | chronic/sudden disturances of memory, identity or consciousness
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| dysphoria | sadness, hopelessness & depressive mood
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| feeling "low" | dysphoria
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| dysthymia | chronic psychiatric illness involving a low level of depression for a period of at least two years
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| ego | central, coordinating branch of personailty
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| electroconvulsive therapy | electric current produces convulsive seizure to treat mood disorders
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| used in patients resistant to drug therapy or when rapid sadness response is needed | electroconvulsive therapy
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| euphoria | exaggerated feeling of well-being; elevated mood; "high"
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| exhibitionism | compulsive need to expose one's body, particularly genitals, to unsuspecting stranger
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| family therapy | treatment of entire family to resolve & understand their conflicts & problems
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| fetishism | use of non-living objects as substitutes for human sexual love object
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| free association | psychoanalytic technique where patient encouraged to reveal thoughts one after another without censorship
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| fugue | flight from customary surroundings; dissociate disorder
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| gender-identity disorder | strong & persistent cross-gender identification with opposite sex
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| group therapy | patients with similar problems gain insight into personalities through discussion & interaction together
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| hallucination | false or unreal sensory perception
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| hearing voices & seeing things are examples of | a hallucination
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| hallucinogen | substance that produces hallucinations
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| histrionic personality | highly emotional, immature & dependent personality type with irrational outbursts, tantrums & flamboyant theatrical behavior
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| hypnosis | induction of trance-like state to conciousness in patient to increase pace of psychotherapy
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| hypochondriasis | exaggerated concern about one's health
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| hypomania | elevated excitement that is of lesser intensity than mania
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| id | major unconcious part of personality
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| instinctual drives & desires are controlled by | id
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| insight-oriented therapy | face to face discussion of life problems & feelings to increase understanding of thoughts & behavior patterns
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| physchodynamic therapy is also called | insight-oriented therapy
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| kleptomania | strong impulse to steal, often with little actual desire for the stolen item
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| labile | unstable; undergoing reapid emotional change
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| lithium | drug used to treat manic episodes in bipolar disorder
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| mania | state of excessive excitability, hyperactive elation & agitation
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| mental | pertaining to the mind
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| mood disorders | prolonged emotion dominates a person's life
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| bipolar & depressive disorders are | mood disorders
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| mutism | non-reactive state; stupor
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| narcissistic personality | characterized by graniose sense of self-importance/preoccupation with fanatsies of success/power
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| self-love without empathy for other is an explination of | a narcissistic personality
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| neuroleptic drug | antipsychotic drugs used to treat psychoses; atypical antipsychotics
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| used to treat schizophrenia & severe depression | neuroleptic drugs such as aripiprazole (Abilify) & olanzapine (Zyprexa)
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| neurosis | repressed conflicts lead to mental symptoms, such as anxieties/fers, that disturb ability to function
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| less serious mental disorder than psychosis | neurosis
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| obsession | involuntary, persistent idea or emotion
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| obsessive-compulsive disorder | anxiety disorder involving recurrent obsessions/complusions-dominate patient's life
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| opoid | drug derived from opium
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| cocaine, morphine & heroin are examples of | opoids
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| paranoia | overly suspicious system of thinking with fixed delusions that one is being harassed, persecuted or unfairly treated
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| paranoid personality | characterized by recurrent delusions of persecutuion & jealousy with suspicion & mistrust of others; quick to take offense
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| paraphilia | sexual arousal occurs in response to objects or situations that are not normally considered erotic
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| fanatsy or behavior involving unusual objects, activities, & situations | paraphilia
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| pedophilia | need for sexual gratification with a child
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| personality disorder | established, lifelong pattern marked by inflexibility & impairment of social functioning
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| phenothiazines | drugs used to treat serious mental illnesses/psychoses
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| modify delusions/hallucinations & behvior | phenothiazines
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| phobia | irrational fear of objects/situations
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| play therapy | child, through play, uses toys to express conflicts & feelings that he/she is unable to communicate in direct manner
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| post-traumatic stress disorder | anxiety disorder following traumatic incident; less responsive to extrernal world
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| symptoms such as intense fear, helplessness, insomnia, nightmares describe | post-traumatic stress disorder
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| projective (personality) test | diagnostic personality test using unrestricted stimuli to evoke responses that reflect aspects of patient's personality
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| inkblots, pictures, incomplete sentences are all used during | a projective (personality) test
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| psychiatrist | physician who treat mind & mental disorders
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| psychiatry | treatment of mind & mental disorders
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| psychoanalysis | form of psychotherapy where patient explores unconcious emotions & past to understand & change current behavior/feelings
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| psychodrama | group therapy where patient expresses feelings by acting out roles with other patients
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| pyschogenic | pertaining to produced within the mind
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| having emotional & psychologic origin rather than physical caused | pyschogenic
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| psychologist | Ph.D/Ed.D specialing in mental processes & how brain functions in health/disease
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| treats patients with psychotherapy but cannot prescribe drugs | psychologist
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| psychopharmacology | treatment of psychiatric disorders with drugs
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| psychosis | loss of contact with reality, often with delusions & hallucinations
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| psychosomatic | pertaining to inter-relationsip of mind & body
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| psychotherapy | treatment of the mind
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| pyromania | strong obsessive urge to set objects on fire
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| reality testing | ability to perceive fact from fantasy
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| repression | defense mechanism by which unacceptable thoughts, feelings/impulses are automatically pushed into unconcious
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| schizoid personality | display restricted range of emotions & indifference to/detachment from surroundings
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| indifferent to praise, criticism or feelings of others | schizoid personality
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| schizophrenia | pyschosis marked by withdrawl from reality into inner world of disorganized thrinking & conflict
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| sedatives | drugs that lessen anxiety
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| sexual disorders | conditions involving sexual use of nonhuman objects & involving suffering, humilitation & non-consenting partners
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| sexual disorders also include sexual ___ | dysfunctions
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| sexual masochism | sexual gratification gained by being mutilated, beaten/bound or otherwise made to suffer by another person
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| sexual sadism | sexual gratitification gained by inflicting physical/psychological pain/harm on others
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| somatoform disorders | patient has physical/bodily symptoms that cannot be explained by actual physical illness
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| substance-related disorders | regular overuse of psychoactive substances which can affect CNS
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| overused/misuse of alcohol, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, opoids or sedatives can lead to | substance-related disorders
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| superego | internalized concious,judgemental & moral part of mind
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| supportive psychotherapy | treatment involving offers of encouragement, support & hope to patient facing difficult life transitions/events
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| tolerance | developed insensitivity to a drug
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| increasing doses of drug needed to produce a desired effect | patient with a tolerance
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| ransference | process by which patient relates to therapist as though therapist was prominent childhood figure
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| transvestic fetishism | cross-dressing by male in women's attire
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| tricyclic antidepressants | group of drugs used to treat severe depression
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| voyerism | abnormal desire to look at sexual organs or watch sexual acts
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| xenophobia | fear of strangers
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| aerophobia | fear of air
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| zoophobia | fear of animals
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| apiphobia, melissophobia | fear of bees
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| hematophobia, hemophobia | fear of blood
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| biblophobia | fear of books
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| ailurophobia | fear of cats
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| necrophobia | fear of corpses
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| gephyrophobia | fear of bridges
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| nyctophobia, scotophobia | fear of darkness
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| thanatophobia | fear of death
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| cynophobia | fear of dogs
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| pharmacophobia | fear of drugs
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| phagophobia | fear of eating
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| trichophobia,trichopathophobia | fear of hair
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| entomophobia | fear of insects
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| photophobia | fear of light
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| gamophobia | fear of marriage
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| androphobia | fear of men
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| belnophobia | fear of needles
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| algophobia | fear of pain
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| coitophobia, cypridophobia | fear of sexual intercourse
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| hypnophobia | fear of sleep
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| ophidiophobia | fear of snakes
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| arachnophobia | fear of spiders
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| hodophobia | fear of traveling
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| emetophobia | fear of vomiting
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| gynephobia, gynophobia | fear of women
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| helminthophobia | fear of worms
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| graphophobia | fear of writing
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| in the DSM, personality disorders are organized into | three clusters
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| cluster A | odd/eccentric disorders
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| cluster B | dramatic/emotional disorders
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| cluster C | disorders characterized by anxiety & fear
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| etiologic explanations for personality disorders | insufficiently/incompletely negotiated tasks at certain developmental stages &/or impaired neurologic functioning
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| schizotypal | characterized by peculiarities of thought, appearance, speech, behavior & by anxiety in social situations
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| paranoid personality, schizoid personality, & schizotypal personality disorders fall into | cluster A
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| antisocial, borderline, histrionic, & narcissistic fall into | cluster B
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| demonstrate marked shifts in mood, an inability to control anger, & impulsivity | bordeline personality disorder
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| formerly called hysterical personality | histronic personality disorder
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| avoidant personality, dependent personality, & obsessive-compulsive personalitys fall into | cluster C
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| avoidant personality | hypersensitive to criticism/disapproval & avoids social interactions for fear of this
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| dependent personality | submissive & passive behavior, strong need for reassurance; fears of abandonment & helplessness
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| Obsessive-compulsive personality | inflexibility, preoccupation with perfection, restricted emotional expression, & need for control/order
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| associated with persistent, intrusive ideas or with ritual behavior | obsessive-compulsive personality
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| psychotic disorder | gross impairment of reality testing
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| poor orientation to time/place, memory disturbances, thinking that is bizarre & disorganized | psychosis
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| refers to group of disorders sharing characteristic symptoms, many involve disordered thought processes | schizophrenia
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| Schizophrenia is | a psychotic disorder
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| Emil Kraepelin identified | hallucinations & delusions
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| Eugen Bleuler | described schizophrenia as a thought disorder and helped to clarify its definition
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| the term schizophrenia means | splitting of the mind
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| heredity/genetics, familial influence, disease/trauma, environment stressors, & drugs | etiologic factors cited in the development of schizophrenia
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| a reference that contains the official classifications of mental disorders | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
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| types of schizophrenia, per DSM | catatonic, disorganized, and paranoid
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| datatonic schizophrenia | decreased responsiveness to the environment, reduction in spontaneous movements, & mutism
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| disorganized schizophrenia | significant loosening of associations; incoherent speech; childish, silly affect
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| formerly known as hebephrenic | disorganized schizophrenia
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| paranoid schizophrenia | delusions and hallucinations that are often related to the delusions
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| delusions of reference | belief that one is being watched, discussed, or ridiculed by others
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| delusions of persecution | belief that one is being plotted against or singled out for harm
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| patient with paranoid schizophrenia may suffer from hallucinations in support of | the delusional theme of reference
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| medical intervention of choice when treating someone with schizophrenia | administration of antipsychotics
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| tardive dyskinesia | abnormal condition characterized by involuntary, repetitive muscle movements
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| condition tends to affect people who have undergone long-term treatment with antipsychotic medication | tardive dyskinesia
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| disorders of cognitive functioning in which the impairment is widespread, or global | dementia and delirium
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| chronic, progressive disorder, in the case of AD, the most common form of the illness | dementia
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| patient presents in an acute state of agitated excitement | delerium
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| symptom of delerium include | disorganized thinking, incoherent speech, problems with attention, disorientation, & memory impairment
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| Delirium may be caused by | nutritional imbalances, systemic infections, head injury, neurologic disease, and by ingestion and withdrawal of psychoactive substances
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| important aids to the diagnosis and understanding of many psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia | psychological tests
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | use ambiguous or unstructured stimuli to uncover emotional conflict
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| Graphomotor projection tests include | Draw-A-Person Test & Bender-Gestalt Test
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| Draw-A-Person Test | patient is asked to draw a body
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| Bender-Gestalt Test | which picks up deficits in mental processing and memory caused by brain damage
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| used to screen children for developmental challenges or delays | Bender-Gestalt Test
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | true/false self-report questionnaire that is used to evaluate personality
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| mutism is | a physchotic reaction
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| changing rapidly from one emotion to another | labile
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| cognitive behavior therapy | changing behavior patterns & responses through training /repetition
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| practice of conditioning a person | cognitive behavior therapy
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| cognitive behavior therapy can be used to | relieve anxiety and to treat phobias and other disorders
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| great for helping patients with identified common problems gain insight by interacting with one another | family therapy and group therapy
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| types of individual therapy | insight-oriented psychotherapy & supportive psychotherapy
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| vague feeling of apprehension or dread resulting from a perceived/anticipated threat | description of anxiety
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| Many theorists believe that anxiety occurs | along a continuum from mild-moderate-severe
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| emotional reaction to a specific object or situation | fear
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| types of maladaptive behavior in which anxiety is the most prominent feature, take many forms | anxiety disorders
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| panic disorders | recurrent panic attacks
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| discreet periods of intense anxiety; occur unexpectedly & with no apparent cause in immediate environment | panic attacks
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| symptoms of panic attacks | SOB, sweating, trembling, palpitations, nausea, blurred vision, & sense death is approaching
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| neuorsis is considered | an axiety disorder
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| marked anxiety about encountering the object or situation and will go to extreme lengths to avoid it | patient with phobic disorder
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| feel intense anxiety about leaving home or may need to have a companion when away from home | patient with agoraphobia
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| social phobia | marked and persistent fear of doing something foolish, humiliating, or embarrassing while in presence & under scrutiny of others
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| this type of disturbance include conversion disorder and hypochondriasis | Somatoform disorders
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| conversion disorder | emotional conflict repressed & changed into loss/alteration of physical functioning
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| may assume many forms, including blindness, anesthesia, paralysis, and involuntary muscle movements | conversion disorder
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| fear is fueled by the person's misinterpretation of real or imagined symptoms and persists despite medical reassurance that no physical illness exists | hypochondriasis
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| event range of normal human experience; induces feelings of terror/helplessness | posttraumatic stress disorder
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| cognitive and/or behavioral, and medication are treatments for | anxiety or somatoform disorders
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| most frequently encountered responses to anxiety and other pressures are the development of | substance abuse disorders, alcoholism, and eating disorders
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| idealization and promotion through media images of an extremely thin female body type has contributed to | need to focus attention on eating disorders
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| group of eating disorders includes | anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating
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| Psychological factors associated with the development of an eating disorder include | problems with perfectionism, insecurity, the need for approval, low self-esteem, and a disturbance in body image
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| characterized by prolonged refusal to eat and a fear of becoming obese | anorexia nervosa
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| behaviors associated with anorexia include | self-starvation, sometimes to the point of emaciation, and the use of purging, self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, and/or excessive exercise to avoid weight gain
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| sensitivity to cold, decreased pulse and body temperature, and amenorrhea | physical health problems associated with anorexia nervosa
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| referred to as compulsive overeating | bulimia
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| measures to ensure that the client is adequately meeting his or her nutritional requirements and psychotherapy to overcome the associated emotional conflicts | treatment for bulimia and anorexia nervosa
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| psychoactive substances | substances that alter mood and behavior by their effect on the central nervous system
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| involve a maladaptive pattern of use of a psychoactive chemical | Substance abuse and substance-related disorders
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| develop in response to a host of interrelated components, including biologic, genetic, psychosocial, cultural, and environmental factors | alcoholism
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| alcoholism | depresses the functions of the central nervous system
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| chronic alcoholism can result in | coronary artery disease and cause irreversible damage to the heart
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| Potential effects of chronic alcoholism on the reproductive system include | impotence and infertility
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| overdose can result in convulsions, coma, depressed respiration, and death | overdose of opoids
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| opoids are considered | sedative-hypnotics
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| result in symptoms that include impaired judgment, slurred speech, and loss of motor coordination | abuse & dependence on opoids
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| often linked to accidental overdose and are frequently implicated, in combination with alcohol, in suicide attempts | barbiturates and benzodiazepines (BZDs)
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| synthetic psychoactive substances that work by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system | amphetamines
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| amphetamines have been used effectively as | appetite suppressants and in the treatment of narcolepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and respiratory conditions that cause bronchial constriction.
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| manifestations of amphetamine dependence include | compulsive behaviors, paranoia, hallucinations, dramatic mood swings, & aggression
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| produce a state of central nervous system excitation and distort the perception of reality | Hallucinogenic drugs
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| produce mood changes, anxiety, hallucinations, and impaired thinking | hallucinogens
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| emotional changes accompanying certain mood disorders correspond to altered levels of | neurotransmitters within the brain or to changes in the sensitivity of their receptors
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| prolonged emotional state that dominates the personality and colors a person's view of the world | mood
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| defined by the complex of associated symptoms and the pattern of episodes | mood disorders
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| bipolar and depressive disorders | distrubances of mood disorders
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| may include agitation, irritability, inflated self-esteem, distractibility, and a decreased need for sleep | manic episode of bipolar disorder
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| feelings of sadness, hopelessness, loneliness, and worthlessness may emerge | depressive phase of bipolar disorder
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| pronlonged emotional state | mania
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| exaggeratedly positive | expansive
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| extreme excitement | dysphoric
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| "two extremes" | bipolar
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| Major depression can present as | a single event or as a recurrent disorder
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| seasonal affective disorder (SAD), | pattern in the onset and remission of a major depression often develops during October or November and subsides during March or April
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| has many of the same symptoms as the manic phase of a bipolar disorder | hypomania
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| not significant enough to meet the criteria of either a major depressive or bipolar disorder | cyclothymia disorder
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| dysthymic disorder | another name for dysthymia
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| symptoms of dysthymia may include | loss of appetite or overeating, fatigue, low self-esteem, difficulty with concentration, and isolation from others
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| Treatment for mood disorders often includes | a form of psychotherapy
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| mood disorders may require | medication, mood stabilizers for manic behavior or antidepressants
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| Severe depression is sometimes treated by administering | electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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| gender identity | one's inner sense of maleness or femaleness
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| Differentiation of gender begins during | infancy
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| Eric Erikson singled out | identity vs. role confusion as the major developmental task to be mastered during middle adolescence
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| adolescent's developing sense of self must take into account | the physical changes of puberty
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| persistent and profound disturbance in accepting one's assigned sex and the role that is its public expression | gender identity disorder
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| sexual disorders are | another classification of psychiatric disturbances
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| sexual disorders fall under classifications of | sexual dysfunction & paraphilias
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| sexual dysfunction | alterations in the sexual response cycle
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| William Masters and Virginia Johnson are 2 reasearchers who advanced | our understanding of human sexuality by studying sexual response and dysfunction during the 1960s
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| sexual dysfunction can be subdivided into | problems with sexual desire, arousal, and the ability to achieve sexual satisfaction
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| male erectile disorder | inability to attain or maintain an adequate erection
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| sexual aversion disorder | aversion to or avoidance of genital sexual contact with a partner
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| dyspareunia | genital pain associated with sexual intercourse
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| sexual dysfunctions, provided in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual include | dyspareunia, male erectile disorder & sexual aversion disorder
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| atypical sexual behaviors include acts, impulses, and thoughts that are recurrent and intense | paraphilias
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| psychiatric disorder named for the rumored sexual practices of the Marquis de Sade | sexual sadism
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| sexual sadism is usually chronic and, when severe | can result in rape, torture, or murder
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| term that is derived from the name of the Austrian author, Leopold von Sacher-Masoch | sexual masochism
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|
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| sadomasochism | disorder that includes elements of both sadism and masochism
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| term that literally means "to love a child" | pedophilia
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|
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