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MedTerm_Mod22_Psych
Terms, Abbreviations & Meanings
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| AD | Alzheimer disease |
| ADHD | attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder |
| ADL | activited of daily living |
| AIMS | abnormal involuntary movement scale |
| ASD | autism spectrum disorder |
| CA | chronological age |
| CBT | cognitive behavior therapy |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| DSM-IV-TR | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, revised |
| DT | delerium tremens |
| ECT | electroconvulsive therapy |
| IQ | intellegent quotient |
| LSD | lysergic acid diethylamide |
| MA | mental age |
| MAO | monoamine oxidase |
| MDD | major depressive disorder |
| MMPI | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory |
| MR | mental retardation |
| OCD | obsessive-complusive disorder |
| PDD | pervasive developmental disorder |
| PTSD | post-traumatic stress disorder |
| Rx | therapy |
| SAD | seasonal addective disorder |
| SSRI | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor |
| TAT | Thermatic Apperception Test |
| TD | tardive dykinesia |
| THC | delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol |
| WAIS | Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale |
| WISC | Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children |
| affect | external expression of emotion; emotional response |
| agoraphobia | fear of leaving home or leaving a safe place |
| amnesia | loss of memory |
| amphetaphines | CNS stimulants |
| anorexia nervosa | eating disorder of excessive dieting & refusal to maintain normal body weight |
| antisocial personality | characterized by lack of loyalty or concern for others & lack of moral standards |
| anxiety disorders | charaterized by unpleasant tensions, distress & avoidance behavior |
| anxiolytic | drug that relieves anxiety & produces relaxing effect |
| apathy | adsence of emotions; lack of interest or emotional involvement |
| Asperger syndrome | pervasive developmental disorder, typically milder than autism |
| characterized by delays in socilization & communication skills | Asperger syndrome |
| atypical antupsychotics | drugs used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, & other psychoses |
| autism | severe lack of responsiveness to others, preoccupation with inner thoughts, withdrawl & retarded lanuage development |
| autistic thought | preoccupation with self-centered, illogical ideas & fantasies that exclude external world |
| benzodiazepines | drugs used to treat anxiety & panic attacks |
| bipolar disorder | mood disorder with alternating periods of mania & depression |
| borderline personality | instability in interpersonal relationships & sense of self; alternating involvement with & rejection of people |
| bulimia nervosa | eating disorder marked by binge eating followed by vomitting, defecation & depression |
| cannabis | actuve substance in marijuanal THC |
| catatonia | immobility, muscular rigidity & mutism induced by a psychological disorder such as schizophrenia |
| claustrophobia | dear of closed-in places |
| cognitive behvioral therapy | changing behavior patterns & response by training, repetition & learning how thinking patterns cause symptoms |
| compulsion | uncontrollable urge to perform an act repeatedly |
| conversion disorder | physcial symptom appears with no organic basis & as result of anxiety & inner conflict |
| cyclothymia | chronic mood disturbance involving several periods of depression and hypomania |
| mild form of bipolar disorder | cyclothymia |
| defense mechanism | unconcious technique that person uses to resolve or conceal conflicts & anxiety |
| delirium | confusion in thinking; faulty perceptions & irrational behavior |
| delirium tremens | confusion in thinking, anziety, tremors, & sweating ocurring with withdrawl from excessive/habitual use of alcohol |
| delusion | fixed, false belief that cannot be changed by logical reasoning or evidence |
| dementia | loss of higher mental functioning, including memory, judgement & reasoning |
| depression | major mood disorder marked by chronic & excessive sadness, loss of energy, hopelessness, worry & discouragement |
| dissociative disorder | chronic/sudden disturances of memory, identity or consciousness |
| dysphoria | sadness, hopelessness & depressive mood |
| feeling "low" | dysphoria |
| dysthymia | chronic psychiatric illness involving a low level of depression for a period of at least two years |
| ego | central, coordinating branch of personailty |
| electroconvulsive therapy | electric current produces convulsive seizure to treat mood disorders |
| used in patients resistant to drug therapy or when rapid sadness response is needed | electroconvulsive therapy |
| euphoria | exaggerated feeling of well-being; elevated mood; "high" |
| exhibitionism | compulsive need to expose one's body, particularly genitals, to unsuspecting stranger |
| family therapy | treatment of entire family to resolve & understand their conflicts & problems |
| fetishism | use of non-living objects as substitutes for human sexual love object |
| free association | psychoanalytic technique where patient encouraged to reveal thoughts one after another without censorship |
| fugue | flight from customary surroundings; dissociate disorder |
| gender-identity disorder | strong & persistent cross-gender identification with opposite sex |
| group therapy | patients with similar problems gain insight into personalities through discussion & interaction together |
| hallucination | false or unreal sensory perception |
| hearing voices & seeing things are examples of | a hallucination |
| hallucinogen | substance that produces hallucinations |
| histrionic personality | highly emotional, immature & dependent personality type with irrational outbursts, tantrums & flamboyant theatrical behavior |
| hypnosis | induction of trance-like state to conciousness in patient to increase pace of psychotherapy |
| hypochondriasis | exaggerated concern about one's health |
| hypomania | elevated excitement that is of lesser intensity than mania |
| id | major unconcious part of personality |
| instinctual drives & desires are controlled by | id |
| insight-oriented therapy | face to face discussion of life problems & feelings to increase understanding of thoughts & behavior patterns |
| physchodynamic therapy is also called | insight-oriented therapy |
| kleptomania | strong impulse to steal, often with little actual desire for the stolen item |
| labile | unstable; undergoing reapid emotional change |
| lithium | drug used to treat manic episodes in bipolar disorder |
| mania | state of excessive excitability, hyperactive elation & agitation |
| mental | pertaining to the mind |
| mood disorders | prolonged emotion dominates a person's life |
| bipolar & depressive disorders are | mood disorders |
| mutism | non-reactive state; stupor |
| narcissistic personality | characterized by graniose sense of self-importance/preoccupation with fanatsies of success/power |
| self-love without empathy for other is an explination of | a narcissistic personality |
| neuroleptic drug | antipsychotic drugs used to treat psychoses; atypical antipsychotics |
| used to treat schizophrenia & severe depression | neuroleptic drugs such as aripiprazole (Abilify) & olanzapine (Zyprexa) |
| neurosis | repressed conflicts lead to mental symptoms, such as anxieties/fers, that disturb ability to function |
| less serious mental disorder than psychosis | neurosis |
| obsession | involuntary, persistent idea or emotion |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | anxiety disorder involving recurrent obsessions/complusions-dominate patient's life |
| opoid | drug derived from opium |
| cocaine, morphine & heroin are examples of | opoids |
| paranoia | overly suspicious system of thinking with fixed delusions that one is being harassed, persecuted or unfairly treated |
| paranoid personality | characterized by recurrent delusions of persecutuion & jealousy with suspicion & mistrust of others; quick to take offense |
| paraphilia | sexual arousal occurs in response to objects or situations that are not normally considered erotic |
| fanatsy or behavior involving unusual objects, activities, & situations | paraphilia |
| pedophilia | need for sexual gratification with a child |
| personality disorder | established, lifelong pattern marked by inflexibility & impairment of social functioning |
| phenothiazines | drugs used to treat serious mental illnesses/psychoses |
| modify delusions/hallucinations & behvior | phenothiazines |
| phobia | irrational fear of objects/situations |
| play therapy | child, through play, uses toys to express conflicts & feelings that he/she is unable to communicate in direct manner |
| post-traumatic stress disorder | anxiety disorder following traumatic incident; less responsive to extrernal world |
| symptoms such as intense fear, helplessness, insomnia, nightmares describe | post-traumatic stress disorder |
| projective (personality) test | diagnostic personality test using unrestricted stimuli to evoke responses that reflect aspects of patient's personality |
| inkblots, pictures, incomplete sentences are all used during | a projective (personality) test |
| psychiatrist | physician who treat mind & mental disorders |
| psychiatry | treatment of mind & mental disorders |
| psychoanalysis | form of psychotherapy where patient explores unconcious emotions & past to understand & change current behavior/feelings |
| psychodrama | group therapy where patient expresses feelings by acting out roles with other patients |
| pyschogenic | pertaining to produced within the mind |
| having emotional & psychologic origin rather than physical caused | pyschogenic |
| psychologist | Ph.D/Ed.D specialing in mental processes & how brain functions in health/disease |
| treats patients with psychotherapy but cannot prescribe drugs | psychologist |
| psychopharmacology | treatment of psychiatric disorders with drugs |
| psychosis | loss of contact with reality, often with delusions & hallucinations |
| psychosomatic | pertaining to inter-relationsip of mind & body |
| psychotherapy | treatment of the mind |
| pyromania | strong obsessive urge to set objects on fire |
| reality testing | ability to perceive fact from fantasy |
| repression | defense mechanism by which unacceptable thoughts, feelings/impulses are automatically pushed into unconcious |
| schizoid personality | display restricted range of emotions & indifference to/detachment from surroundings |
| indifferent to praise, criticism or feelings of others | schizoid personality |
| schizophrenia | pyschosis marked by withdrawl from reality into inner world of disorganized thrinking & conflict |
| sedatives | drugs that lessen anxiety |
| sexual disorders | conditions involving sexual use of nonhuman objects & involving suffering, humilitation & non-consenting partners |
| sexual disorders also include sexual ___ | dysfunctions |
| sexual masochism | sexual gratification gained by being mutilated, beaten/bound or otherwise made to suffer by another person |
| sexual sadism | sexual gratitification gained by inflicting physical/psychological pain/harm on others |
| somatoform disorders | patient has physical/bodily symptoms that cannot be explained by actual physical illness |
| substance-related disorders | regular overuse of psychoactive substances which can affect CNS |
| overused/misuse of alcohol, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, opoids or sedatives can lead to | substance-related disorders |
| superego | internalized concious,judgemental & moral part of mind |
| supportive psychotherapy | treatment involving offers of encouragement, support & hope to patient facing difficult life transitions/events |
| tolerance | developed insensitivity to a drug |
| increasing doses of drug needed to produce a desired effect | patient with a tolerance |
| ransference | process by which patient relates to therapist as though therapist was prominent childhood figure |
| transvestic fetishism | cross-dressing by male in women's attire |
| tricyclic antidepressants | group of drugs used to treat severe depression |
| voyerism | abnormal desire to look at sexual organs or watch sexual acts |
| xenophobia | fear of strangers |
| aerophobia | fear of air |
| zoophobia | fear of animals |
| apiphobia, melissophobia | fear of bees |
| hematophobia, hemophobia | fear of blood |
| biblophobia | fear of books |
| ailurophobia | fear of cats |
| necrophobia | fear of corpses |
| gephyrophobia | fear of bridges |
| nyctophobia, scotophobia | fear of darkness |
| thanatophobia | fear of death |
| cynophobia | fear of dogs |
| pharmacophobia | fear of drugs |
| phagophobia | fear of eating |
| trichophobia,trichopathophobia | fear of hair |
| entomophobia | fear of insects |
| photophobia | fear of light |
| gamophobia | fear of marriage |
| androphobia | fear of men |
| belnophobia | fear of needles |
| algophobia | fear of pain |
| coitophobia, cypridophobia | fear of sexual intercourse |
| hypnophobia | fear of sleep |
| ophidiophobia | fear of snakes |
| arachnophobia | fear of spiders |
| hodophobia | fear of traveling |
| emetophobia | fear of vomiting |
| gynephobia, gynophobia | fear of women |
| helminthophobia | fear of worms |
| graphophobia | fear of writing |
| in the DSM, personality disorders are organized into | three clusters |
| cluster A | odd/eccentric disorders |
| cluster B | dramatic/emotional disorders |
| cluster C | disorders characterized by anxiety & fear |
| etiologic explanations for personality disorders | insufficiently/incompletely negotiated tasks at certain developmental stages &/or impaired neurologic functioning |
| schizotypal | characterized by peculiarities of thought, appearance, speech, behavior & by anxiety in social situations |
| paranoid personality, schizoid personality, & schizotypal personality disorders fall into | cluster A |
| antisocial, borderline, histrionic, & narcissistic fall into | cluster B |
| demonstrate marked shifts in mood, an inability to control anger, & impulsivity | bordeline personality disorder |
| formerly called hysterical personality | histronic personality disorder |
| avoidant personality, dependent personality, & obsessive-compulsive personalitys fall into | cluster C |
| avoidant personality | hypersensitive to criticism/disapproval & avoids social interactions for fear of this |
| dependent personality | submissive & passive behavior, strong need for reassurance; fears of abandonment & helplessness |
| Obsessive-compulsive personality | inflexibility, preoccupation with perfection, restricted emotional expression, & need for control/order |
| associated with persistent, intrusive ideas or with ritual behavior | obsessive-compulsive personality |
| psychotic disorder | gross impairment of reality testing |
| poor orientation to time/place, memory disturbances, thinking that is bizarre & disorganized | psychosis |
| refers to group of disorders sharing characteristic symptoms, many involve disordered thought processes | schizophrenia |
| Schizophrenia is | a psychotic disorder |
| Emil Kraepelin identified | hallucinations & delusions |
| Eugen Bleuler | described schizophrenia as a thought disorder and helped to clarify its definition |
| the term schizophrenia means | splitting of the mind |
| heredity/genetics, familial influence, disease/trauma, environment stressors, & drugs | etiologic factors cited in the development of schizophrenia |
| a reference that contains the official classifications of mental disorders | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) |
| types of schizophrenia, per DSM | catatonic, disorganized, and paranoid |
| datatonic schizophrenia | decreased responsiveness to the environment, reduction in spontaneous movements, & mutism |
| disorganized schizophrenia | significant loosening of associations; incoherent speech; childish, silly affect |
| formerly known as hebephrenic | disorganized schizophrenia |
| paranoid schizophrenia | delusions and hallucinations that are often related to the delusions |
| delusions of reference | belief that one is being watched, discussed, or ridiculed by others |
| delusions of persecution | belief that one is being plotted against or singled out for harm |
| patient with paranoid schizophrenia may suffer from hallucinations in support of | the delusional theme of reference |
| medical intervention of choice when treating someone with schizophrenia | administration of antipsychotics |
| tardive dyskinesia | abnormal condition characterized by involuntary, repetitive muscle movements |
| condition tends to affect people who have undergone long-term treatment with antipsychotic medication | tardive dyskinesia |
| disorders of cognitive functioning in which the impairment is widespread, or global | dementia and delirium |
| chronic, progressive disorder, in the case of AD, the most common form of the illness | dementia |
| patient presents in an acute state of agitated excitement | delerium |
| symptom of delerium include | disorganized thinking, incoherent speech, problems with attention, disorientation, & memory impairment |
| Delirium may be caused by | nutritional imbalances, systemic infections, head injury, neurologic disease, and by ingestion and withdrawal of psychoactive substances |
| important aids to the diagnosis and understanding of many psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia | psychological tests |
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | use ambiguous or unstructured stimuli to uncover emotional conflict |
| Graphomotor projection tests include | Draw-A-Person Test & Bender-Gestalt Test |
| Draw-A-Person Test | patient is asked to draw a body |
| Bender-Gestalt Test | which picks up deficits in mental processing and memory caused by brain damage |
| used to screen children for developmental challenges or delays | Bender-Gestalt Test |
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | true/false self-report questionnaire that is used to evaluate personality |
| mutism is | a physchotic reaction |
| changing rapidly from one emotion to another | labile |
| cognitive behavior therapy | changing behavior patterns & responses through training /repetition |
| practice of conditioning a person | cognitive behavior therapy |
| cognitive behavior therapy can be used to | relieve anxiety and to treat phobias and other disorders |
| great for helping patients with identified common problems gain insight by interacting with one another | family therapy and group therapy |
| types of individual therapy | insight-oriented psychotherapy & supportive psychotherapy |
| vague feeling of apprehension or dread resulting from a perceived/anticipated threat | description of anxiety |
| Many theorists believe that anxiety occurs | along a continuum from mild-moderate-severe |
| emotional reaction to a specific object or situation | fear |
| types of maladaptive behavior in which anxiety is the most prominent feature, take many forms | anxiety disorders |
| panic disorders | recurrent panic attacks |
| discreet periods of intense anxiety; occur unexpectedly & with no apparent cause in immediate environment | panic attacks |
| symptoms of panic attacks | SOB, sweating, trembling, palpitations, nausea, blurred vision, & sense death is approaching |
| neuorsis is considered | an axiety disorder |
| marked anxiety about encountering the object or situation and will go to extreme lengths to avoid it | patient with phobic disorder |
| feel intense anxiety about leaving home or may need to have a companion when away from home | patient with agoraphobia |
| social phobia | marked and persistent fear of doing something foolish, humiliating, or embarrassing while in presence & under scrutiny of others |
| this type of disturbance include conversion disorder and hypochondriasis | Somatoform disorders |
| conversion disorder | emotional conflict repressed & changed into loss/alteration of physical functioning |
| may assume many forms, including blindness, anesthesia, paralysis, and involuntary muscle movements | conversion disorder |
| fear is fueled by the person's misinterpretation of real or imagined symptoms and persists despite medical reassurance that no physical illness exists | hypochondriasis |
| event range of normal human experience; induces feelings of terror/helplessness | posttraumatic stress disorder |
| cognitive and/or behavioral, and medication are treatments for | anxiety or somatoform disorders |
| most frequently encountered responses to anxiety and other pressures are the development of | substance abuse disorders, alcoholism, and eating disorders |
| idealization and promotion through media images of an extremely thin female body type has contributed to | need to focus attention on eating disorders |
| group of eating disorders includes | anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating |
| Psychological factors associated with the development of an eating disorder include | problems with perfectionism, insecurity, the need for approval, low self-esteem, and a disturbance in body image |
| characterized by prolonged refusal to eat and a fear of becoming obese | anorexia nervosa |
| behaviors associated with anorexia include | self-starvation, sometimes to the point of emaciation, and the use of purging, self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, and/or excessive exercise to avoid weight gain |
| sensitivity to cold, decreased pulse and body temperature, and amenorrhea | physical health problems associated with anorexia nervosa |
| referred to as compulsive overeating | bulimia |
| measures to ensure that the client is adequately meeting his or her nutritional requirements and psychotherapy to overcome the associated emotional conflicts | treatment for bulimia and anorexia nervosa |
| psychoactive substances | substances that alter mood and behavior by their effect on the central nervous system |
| involve a maladaptive pattern of use of a psychoactive chemical | Substance abuse and substance-related disorders |
| develop in response to a host of interrelated components, including biologic, genetic, psychosocial, cultural, and environmental factors | alcoholism |
| alcoholism | depresses the functions of the central nervous system |
| chronic alcoholism can result in | coronary artery disease and cause irreversible damage to the heart |
| Potential effects of chronic alcoholism on the reproductive system include | impotence and infertility |
| overdose can result in convulsions, coma, depressed respiration, and death | overdose of opoids |
| opoids are considered | sedative-hypnotics |
| result in symptoms that include impaired judgment, slurred speech, and loss of motor coordination | abuse & dependence on opoids |
| often linked to accidental overdose and are frequently implicated, in combination with alcohol, in suicide attempts | barbiturates and benzodiazepines (BZDs) |
| synthetic psychoactive substances that work by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system | amphetamines |
| amphetamines have been used effectively as | appetite suppressants and in the treatment of narcolepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and respiratory conditions that cause bronchial constriction. |
| manifestations of amphetamine dependence include | compulsive behaviors, paranoia, hallucinations, dramatic mood swings, & aggression |
| produce a state of central nervous system excitation and distort the perception of reality | Hallucinogenic drugs |
| produce mood changes, anxiety, hallucinations, and impaired thinking | hallucinogens |
| emotional changes accompanying certain mood disorders correspond to altered levels of | neurotransmitters within the brain or to changes in the sensitivity of their receptors |
| prolonged emotional state that dominates the personality and colors a person's view of the world | mood |
| defined by the complex of associated symptoms and the pattern of episodes | mood disorders |
| bipolar and depressive disorders | distrubances of mood disorders |
| may include agitation, irritability, inflated self-esteem, distractibility, and a decreased need for sleep | manic episode of bipolar disorder |
| feelings of sadness, hopelessness, loneliness, and worthlessness may emerge | depressive phase of bipolar disorder |
| pronlonged emotional state | mania |
| exaggeratedly positive | expansive |
| extreme excitement | dysphoric |
| "two extremes" | bipolar |
| Major depression can present as | a single event or as a recurrent disorder |
| seasonal affective disorder (SAD), | pattern in the onset and remission of a major depression often develops during October or November and subsides during March or April |
| has many of the same symptoms as the manic phase of a bipolar disorder | hypomania |
| not significant enough to meet the criteria of either a major depressive or bipolar disorder | cyclothymia disorder |
| dysthymic disorder | another name for dysthymia |
| symptoms of dysthymia may include | loss of appetite or overeating, fatigue, low self-esteem, difficulty with concentration, and isolation from others |
| Treatment for mood disorders often includes | a form of psychotherapy |
| mood disorders may require | medication, mood stabilizers for manic behavior or antidepressants |
| Severe depression is sometimes treated by administering | electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
| gender identity | one's inner sense of maleness or femaleness |
| Differentiation of gender begins during | infancy |
| Eric Erikson singled out | identity vs. role confusion as the major developmental task to be mastered during middle adolescence |
| adolescent's developing sense of self must take into account | the physical changes of puberty |
| persistent and profound disturbance in accepting one's assigned sex and the role that is its public expression | gender identity disorder |
| sexual disorders are | another classification of psychiatric disturbances |
| sexual disorders fall under classifications of | sexual dysfunction & paraphilias |
| sexual dysfunction | alterations in the sexual response cycle |
| William Masters and Virginia Johnson are 2 reasearchers who advanced | our understanding of human sexuality by studying sexual response and dysfunction during the 1960s |
| sexual dysfunction can be subdivided into | problems with sexual desire, arousal, and the ability to achieve sexual satisfaction |
| male erectile disorder | inability to attain or maintain an adequate erection |
| sexual aversion disorder | aversion to or avoidance of genital sexual contact with a partner |
| dyspareunia | genital pain associated with sexual intercourse |
| sexual dysfunctions, provided in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual include | dyspareunia, male erectile disorder & sexual aversion disorder |
| atypical sexual behaviors include acts, impulses, and thoughts that are recurrent and intense | paraphilias |
| psychiatric disorder named for the rumored sexual practices of the Marquis de Sade | sexual sadism |
| sexual sadism is usually chronic and, when severe | can result in rape, torture, or murder |
| term that is derived from the name of the Austrian author, Leopold von Sacher-Masoch | sexual masochism |
| sadomasochism | disorder that includes elements of both sadism and masochism |
| term that literally means "to love a child" | pedophilia |
Created by:
lfrancois
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