2VCOMPathSDL11/12
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| What are the hallmarks of acute inflammation rxn? | Blood vessel dialation, leukocyte accumulation, Exudation
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| What does blood vessel dialation achieve and what is it called? | slows blood flow and is called hypermia
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| What is exudation? | Accumulation of fluid in extravascular tissue
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| Following and injury like a bad burn, what is the fluid filled space formed between epidermis and dermis called? | a fluid filled bulla
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| Vascular permeability caused by inflammation manifest as what? | Serous, fibrinous and suppurative inflammation
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| What is the difference between exudate and transudate? | exudate has more protein than transudate
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| What sort of conditions cause serous inflammation? | varicella, herpes simplex virus, burns, pleural, pericardial and peritoneal effusions related to viral infections, the common blister, tuberculous pleuritis, and pericarditis
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| Normal outcome of serous inflammation? | Exudate is removed (reabsorbed) and normal function is restored
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| What is fibrinous inflammation | fibrin deposition is dominant
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| Examples of fibrinous inflammation | uremic pericarditis, cardiac surgery, pericardis accompanying acute myocardial infarction
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| Fibrinous or serous inflammation: which happens with a more extensive injury? | fibrinous
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| Describe the consequences of inflammation of the pericardial sac | The inflammation causes the parietal and visceral surgaces of the roughened pericardium to rub against each other, producing an extracardiac sound- this is known as pericardial friction rub.
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| Describe the two outcomes of fibrinous inflammation | 1) fribrinous exudate is removed by fibrinolysis and normal function is restored 2) Scar tissue forms because fibrin is not removed for an extended period. Fibroblasts & blood vessels grow & deposit collagen (scar tissue). Loss of function ensues.
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| What is suppurative inflammation? | Large amount of pus produced
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| What is another name for suppurative inflammation | purulent inflammation
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| What is another name for pus? | purulent exudate
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| What is pus? | thick creamy fluid of intact and disintegrating neutrophils (a type of leukocyte) within a background of fragmented and liquified tissue elements.
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| When pus is green, what is the reason | High myeloperoxidase levels in the neutrophils
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| Pus is an example of what type of necrosis? | liquefactive
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| Examples of suppurative inflammation | pus, abscess, phegmon
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| What is an abscess? | localized collection of pus due to suppurative inflammation, typically this inflammation is caused by a pyogenic bacteria
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| What is a pyogenic membrane | A membrane that surrounds the abscess walling it off from the rest of the world
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| What is phlegmon? | Diffuse supparative inflammation in the connective tissue. It has poorly defined margins and therefore it is rapidly spreading
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| Give two examples of phelgmon | Cellulitis and acute appendicitis
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| What is an empyema? | A collection of pus within a naturally existing anatomical cavity like the pleura
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| Difference between an empyema and abscess | Empyema are in a natural anatomical cavity whereas an abscess is in a newly created cavity
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| What is a parapneumonic pleural effusion? | buildup of pleural fluid which develops in the setting of pneumonia
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| What is a thoracentesis | A chest tube that is used to treat a parapneumonic pleural effusion-gets rid of the fluid, as long as its flowing
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| What is a thoractomy? | procedure in which chest is opened and the now thick fluid is removed in addition to peeling the thick rid of infectious maturial off the pleura
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| What is hemorrhagic inflammation? | type of fibrinous inflammation where small blood vessel damage severe enough to let RBCs from the lumen to escape into the extravascular space
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| What conditions are marked by hemorrhagic inflammation | anthrax, some, viral conditions like influenza pneumonia, rickettisial typhus and rocky mountain spotted fever
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| What is catarrhal inflammation? | mucous membranes are inflammed. first is serous in nature, but then profuse discharge of mucous occurs. Examples: common cold, hey fever, rhinitis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, and asthma
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| What is an ulcer? | local defect or excavation of the surface mucosa of an organ that is made by the sloughing shedding of necrotic inflammatory tissue.
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| Color of serrous exudate | Clear, strawlike yellow
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| What are the systemic effects of inflammation? | fever, acute phase proteins, acceleration of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and leukocytosis
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| What are pyrogens | substances that illicit fever by stimulating prostaglandin synthesis in vascular and perivascular cells of the hypothalamus
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| How do NSAIDS like aspirin reduce fever? | inhibit PG synthesis
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| Role of acute phase proteins is what? | bind to microbial cell walls potentially acting as opsonins that fix complement; bind to chromatin,potentially helping get rid of necrotic nuclei,
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| What is the effect of prolonged production of acute phase proteins? | Amyloidosis, a lethal disease
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| What is ESR and what does it do? | Erythrocyte settling rate that measures how fast RBCS settle downward in a tube
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| What's the use of ESR | Screening test (not Dx) for inflammation. Faster ESR=inflammation
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| What is leukocytosis? | Too many white blood cells
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| What is leulopenia | Too few blood cells
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| What is leukocytosis often found in? | inflammation rxns
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| Neutrophilia is what? | Increase in neutrophil blood count
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| What is lymphocytosis? | An increase in number of lymphocytes
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| What causes lymphocytosis | Viral infections, i.e mono, mumps, measles,
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| What conditions are marked by eosinophilia? | bronchial asthma, allergy, and parasitic infestations
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| What conditions have leukopenia? | disseminated cancer, rampant tb, severe alcoholism
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