Antibiotics
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| What are the extended spectrum penicillins? | Ampicillin and Amoxicillin
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| Ampicillin and Amoxicillin are usually used in combination with what? | Beta-lactamase inhibiotors (Clavulanate & Sulbactam)
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| What are the Beta-lactamase inhibitors? | Clavulanate & Sulbactam
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| How do Beta-lactamase inhibitors work? | through competitive inhibition of Beta-lactamase
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| Are Beta-lactamase inhibitors antibiotics? | No, penicillinase has a higher affinity for clavulanic acid than penicillin, thus penicillin is freed to act against bacteria
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| What are the 3 Methods of Penicillin resistance? | 1. Destroy the antibiotic(B-lactamase) 2. Decrease entry (porins) 3. Reduce affinity to PBPs (modification)
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| What are the narrow spectrum pnicillins? | Penicillin G and Penicillin V
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| Which penicillin is penicillinase resistant? | Nafcillin
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| What is a Cephalosporin? | An antibiotic which is less usuceptible to penicillinases - Disrubts the synthesis of peptidoglycan
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| How does the nucleus of penicillin differ from that of cephalosporin? | Cephalosporins have a dihydrothiazine ring Penicillins have a thiazolidine ring
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| How do first generation cephalosporins differ from 2nd, 3rd, & 4th generations? | 1st generation: primarily acitve agianst gram+others act more against gram- (some gram+)
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| Why are Cephalosporins helpful? | 1. Can be used against penicillin resistant bacteria 2. Are more stable than penicillins 3. Less toxic
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| Vancomycin can be used against what types of bacteria? | 1. Gram+ 2. penicillin or methicillin resistant 3. Pseudomembranous colitis
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| Red man syndrom is a result of what? | Rapid infusion (toxicity) of vancomycin
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| What are the three primary catagories of protein synthesis inhibitors? | 1. Aminoglycosides 2. Tetracyclines 3. Macrolides
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| What type of protein inhibitor is erythromycin? | Macrolide
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| What type of protein inhibitor is streptomycin? | Aminoglycosides
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| What are the sizes of prokaryotic ribosomes? | 30S & 50S
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| What are the Aminoglycosides? | 1. Gentamicin 2.Neomycin 3. Streptomycin 4. Tobramycin 5. Amikacin
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| What are the Tetracyclines? | Doxycycline & Tetracycline
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| Which protein inhibitors are semisynthetic, reversible (bacteriostatic), and have a broad spectrum? | Tetracyclines
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| What are the Macrolides? | Erythromycin & Clarithromycin
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| Which prokaryotic protein synthesis inhibitor does not fit whithin the major three catagories? | Chloramphenicol
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| Which protein inhibitors act against the 30S ribosomal subunit? | Aminoglycans & Tetracyclines
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| Which protien inhibitors act against the 50S ribosomal subunit? | Macrolides & Chloramphenicol
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| Aminoglycosides are primarily used for: | 1. Gram-negative aerobes 2. Tobical treatments or gastroenteritis (poor absorption / not metabolized)
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| How are Aminoglycosides distinguished? | By antibacterial spectrum
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| How are tetracyclines distinguished? | By pharmacokinetics
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| Tetracyline toxicity results in what? | 1. Teeth discoloration 2. Nephrotoxicity 3. Hepatotoxicity
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| Macrolides are effective agains what? | Respiratory tract pathogens
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| How does chloramphenicol interact with the body? | Well absobed and is able to cross BBB
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| Toxicity of chloramphenicol results in what? | Anemia (may be irreversible)- only use if absolutely necessary
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| What are Antifolates? | Antibacterial drugs that prevent folic acid metabolization to THF (inhibits DHFR)
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| What are the antifolates? | Sulfonamides & Trimethoprim
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| What are Fluoroquinolones? | Antibacterial drugs that preven bacterial DNA from unwinding
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| Ciprofloxcin belongs to what catagory of antibacterial agents? | Fluoroquinolones
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| What are polymyxins? | Antibiotics which disrupt cell membrane by interacting with phopholipids
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| Why are trimethoprim are sulfamethoxazole used together? | Produce synergistic action (more effective against a variety of infections)same toxicity as when seperate
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| Fluoroquinolone toxicity results in what? | Joint disease in the young and interference with caffeine metabolism
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| What four factors are involved in chosing the right antibacterial agent? | 1. Host factors (pregnancy, renal function)2. Antimicrobial activity (mild vs severe) 3. Pharmacokinetics (target tissue) 4. Toxicity (risk/benifit ratio)
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