musculoskeletal word list
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| agonist | The muscle(s) that produces the movement.
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| anatagonist | The muscle(s) that relaxes in order to allow a movement.
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| Appendicular skeleton | Consists of bones of the shoulders,hips,upper and lower extremities.
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| Arthitis | Inflammtion of the joints.
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| arthrodesis | Fusion/stabilization or binding of a joint.
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| arthroscopy | Visual examintaion of a joint.
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| articular | Pertaining to the rounded end of a bone.
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| atlas | The first cervical vertebra which supports the skull.
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| Axial Skeleton | Consists of the bones of the skull,thorax and vertebral colunm.
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| axis | The second cervical vertebra which provides rotation of the skull.
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| bones | Principal organs of support and protection in the body.
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| bone marrow | Found within larger bones; responsibly for the production of blood cells.
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| carpal | Pertaining to the wrist.
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| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | Soreness and weakness of the muscles of the thumb caused by pressure on the medial nerve.
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| cervical vertebra | The seven vertebra which form the skeletal framework of the neck.
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| coccyx | the tail of the vertebra colunm consisting of four or five fused vertebrae (tailbone).
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| compact bone | Hard, outer layer of bone.
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| condyle | A rounded process at the end of a bone that forms an articulation.
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| CDH | Congenital (noted at birth) dislocation of the hip.
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| crepitation | Dry grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together.
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| crest | A type of bone process that has a large ridge shape.
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| diaphysis | The shaft or long main portion of the bone.
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| epiphysis | The end or extremity of the bone.
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| exacerbation | Increase in sensitivity of a disease or any of its symptoms.
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| fascile | A bundle of muscle fibres.
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| femorotibial | Pertaining to the femur (thigh bone) and the tibia (lower leg bone).
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| flat bones | Provide a broad surface for muscular attachment and protection for internal organs (pelvic bone).
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| foramen | An opening in the bone for passage of blood vessels and nerves.
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| fracture | The breakage of a bone due to trauma or illness.
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| Gluteus Maximus | The largest muscle of the buttocks.
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| ilium | The lateral flaring portion of the hip bone; upper of the three parts of the hip bone.
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| intervertebral disks | Round structure with gelatinous mass in the center that seperates the vertebrae.
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| IM | Intramuscular.
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| involuntary | That which occurs with no discretionary control. Usually a visceral muscle (heart action or peristalsis).
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| irregular bones | All other bones that cannot be grouped under other headings (vertebrae).
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| ischium | The lower part of the hip bone.
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| joints | The place(s) at which two bones meet (articulate).
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| kyphosis | An exaggerated outward curvature of the thoracic vertebrae. "hunchback" or "humpback".
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| laminectomy | Excision of the lamina (a part of the posterior vertebral arch) to gain access to the spinal cord to remove tumors, etc.
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| Latissimus Dorsi | The largest muscle of the back.
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| ligament | Band of connective tissue that connects bone to bone.
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| long bone | Found in extremities of the body (arms,legs, and fingers).
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| lordosis | Abnormal inward curvature of the spine. (seen in pregnancy and obesity). Also referred to as swayback.
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| lumbar vertebrae | The five vertebrae situated in the lower back which carry most of the weight of the torso.
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| metacarpectomy | Excision of the bones of the hand.
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| muscles | Structures that contract providing movement of the bone.
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| muscular tissue | Refers to all of the contractile tissue of the body; two main types are voluntary and involuntary.
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| Musculoskeletal System | Consists of bones,joints, and muscles, which provide the body with support,protection, and the ability to move.
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| myelocele | Hernia of the spinal cord.
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| Open Reduction | Surgical repair of a fracture with manipulation and insertion of a plate,screw, or nail.
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| osteoclasis | To break a bone for therapeutic purposes.
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| osteoblast | A cell in the bone marrow that produces bone.
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| osteoclast | A cell in the bone marrow that reabsorbs bone.
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| osteoma | A bone tumor.
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| osteoporosis | Bone pores or cavities resulting from a decrease in bone density.
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| paraplegia | Paralysis of lower spine, lower portion of the trunk and both legs.
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| Patellaplexy | Surgical fixation of the kneecap.
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| Pelvimetry | Measurement of the pelvis.
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| pelvis | Basin-shaped structure that support the sigmoid colon,rectum,bladder and other soft organs of the abdomniopelvic cavity.
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| periosteum | A dense fibrous membrane that covers the surface of the bone and contains blood vessels,lymphs and nerves.
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| phalageal | Pertaining to the bones of the fingers and toes.
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| podiatry | Foot treatment.
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| pubis | The third portion of the hipbone that is situated in front of the bladder.
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| quadriplegia | Paralysis of upper spine, all four extremities.
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| ribs | A series of twelve pairs of curved bones attached to the vertebral colunm which provides protection for internal organs.
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| Rickets | A medical condition caused by lack of vitamin D.
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| sacrum | The five sacral vertebrae which is fused into a single bone.
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| Scoliosis | Abnormal lateral rounded curvature of the spine.
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| short bone | Bones that are as wide as they are long (ankles, wrists).
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| sinus | A bone cavity.
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| Spina Bifida | A genetic disorder that results in malformation of the spine due to imperfect joining of the vertebrae.
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| sternocleidomastoid | A muscle of the chest arising form the sternum and inner part of the clavicle.
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| sternum | Breast bone/chest plate.
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| subluxation | A partial or incomplete dislocation.
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| substernal | Pertaining to under the sternum (breastbone).
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| synarthroses | Immovable joints.
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| syndactylism | Condition of fingers and toes being joined together (webbed).
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| talipes | Any deformity of the foot, especially those occuring congenitally, such as club foot.
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| tendon | A strap composed of connective tissue that joins muscle to bone.
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| thoracic vertebrae | The twelve vertebrae which support the chest and serve as a point of articulation of the ribs.
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| thorax | The chest area.
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| torticollis | Stiff neck caused by spasmodic contraction of the neck muscle.
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| trochanter | A very large bony projection.
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| tubercle | A small, rounded elevation from the surface of a bone.
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| tuberosity | A large, rounded elevation from the surface of a bone.
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| vertebrae | The twenty-six bones which make up the adult vertebral colunm.
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| voluntary | That which is done with control. Usually a striated muscle such as the biceps. (e.g. walking,blinking).
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| Abduction | Movement away from the midline.
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| Adduction | Movement toward the midline.
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| Ankylosis | Stiffness and immobility of a joint.
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| Appendage | Any body part attached to a main structure.
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| Arthrocentesis | Surgiacal puncture of a joint space using a needle.
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| Bone Mineral Density | BMD, Radiographic Test to measure bone density.
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| Calcium citrate | Supplement used to treat and prevent hypocalcemia.
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| Claudication | Lamness,limping.
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| Cruciate ligaments | Ligaments that cross each other forming an "x".
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| Diathroses | Freely movable joint.
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| Dorsiflexion | elevating the foot (pointing the toes up).
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| Extension | Increases the angle of a joint.
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| Flexion | Decreases the angle of a joint.
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| Hematopoisis | Development of blood cells.
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| Hypotonia | Diminished resistance to passive stretching.
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| Inversion | Moving the sole of the foot inward.
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| Myelography | Radiographic test of the spinal cord using contrast medium.
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| Orthopedic Surgeon | Physician/Surgeon who specializes in the study of bones.
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| Plantar Flexion | Lowering the foot(pointing the toes down).
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| Pronation | Turning the palms downward.
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| Reduction | Procedure that restores a bone to its normal position.
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| Sprain | Muscular injury resulting from exerting physical force.
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| Supination | Turning the palms upward.
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