Essentials of Medical Terminology - Ch 12
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| cardiovascular system | heart & blood vessels (arteries, veins, & capillaries)
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| arteries | carry blood away from the heart
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| veins | carry blood toward the heart
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| capillaries | tiny blood vessels that join the arterial & venous systems & carry blood to the organs
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| heart lies within | pericardium which is located in the thoracic cavity, posterior to the sternum & left of the midline
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| it is connected to the aorta | which is inferior & superior venae cavae, & pulmonary veins & arteries
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| heart have | four chambers (r&l atria, r&l ventricles)
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| septum | structure separates r&l sides of the heart
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| artioventricular valves | allow blood to flow from artria to ventricles
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| right artioventricular valve | tricuspid valve
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| left artioventricular valve | bicuspid or mitral valve
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| semilunar valves | allow blood to flow from the ventricles to arteries
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| pulmonary semilunar valve | allows blood to flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery
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| aortic semilunar valve | allows blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta
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| layers of the heart (in to out) | endocardium, myocardium, & epicardium
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| endocardium (thin inside) | is epithelial tissue
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| myocardium (thick middle layer) | consists of cardiac muscle tissue
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| epicardium (outer layer) | connective & epithelial tissue
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| pericardium is | sac filled w/pericardial fluid
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| parietal layer | outer covering of the pericardium
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| visceral layer (epicardium) | inner lining of the pericardium
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| conduction system | the heart's electrical system (if removed from body)
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| conduction system have 5 specialized network of muscle cells | sinoatrial node (SA node, pacemaker), artioventricular node (AV node), atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle, or bundle of His), r&l bundle branches, purkinje fibers
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| SA node | initiates an impulse
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| sent to AV node | causing atria to contract
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| then AV bundle & purkinje fibers | causing the ventricles to contract
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| electrocardiograph | instrument monitor & produce a written record of the electrical activity of the heart
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| electrocardiogram (ECG) consists | P waves(atrial contraction), QRS waves (ventricular contraction), & T waves (ventricular recovery)
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| heartbeat consists | systole (contraction phase) & diastole (resting phase)
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| pulse | dilation of the arteries during the systolic phase
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| sphygmomanometer | blood pressure is measured
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| systolic pressure | is higher (first number)
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| diastolic pressure | is lower (second number)
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| hypertension | high blood pressure
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| hypotension | low blood pressure
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| murmur | blowing sound indicative of abnormal blood flow
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| lupp (S1-first heat sound) | is sound of the artioventricular valves closing
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| dubb (S2-second heart sound) | is sound of semilunar valves closing
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| complete heartbeat | lupp-dubb
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| blood vessels consists | arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, & capillaries
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| capillary beds | are embedded in the organs
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| capillaries | feed the cells, take away waste, & connect the arterial & venous systems
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| heart is fed by | coronary arteries
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| collateral circulation | another route if one road is blocked off for repair (arterial system has parallel routes to allow blockages)
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| arteries & veins | usually named after organ thru which they pass (capillaries are not named)
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| constrict/o | to draw together
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| dilat/o | to expand
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| angi/o | vessel
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| -graphy | process of recording
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| angiography | process of recording a blood vessel using x-ray following injection of a contrast medium
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| angioplasty | surgical repair of stenosed (narrowed) blood vessels (pg.256)
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| angiospasm | sudden, involuntary contraction of a blood vessel; vasospasm
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| aort/o | aorta
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| -stenosis | narrowing
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| aortostenosis | narrowing of the aorta
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| arteri/o | artery
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| arteriography | process of recording the arteries using x-ray & following injection of a contrast medium
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| -ole | small
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| arteriole | small arteries
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| -sclerosis | hardening
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| arteriosclerosis | hardening of the arteries due to the loss of elasticity of the arterial walls
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| arteriostenosis | narrowing of an artery
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| -ectomy | surgical removal; excision
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| endarterectomy | removal of the inner lining of the arterial wall (used to treat atherosclerosis)
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| ather/o | fatty debris; fatty plaque
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| atheroma | fatty mass or debris
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| atherosclerosis | accumulation of fatty debris on the arterial wall
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| atri/o | atrium (upper chamber of the heart)
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| inter | between
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| septum | wall
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| interatrial septum | wall b/w the atria
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| cardi/o | heart
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| cardiologist | specialist in the study of cardiology
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| cardiology | study of the heart, including the diagnosis & treatment of heart disorders
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| -megaly | enlargement
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| cardiomeagaly | enlarged heart
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| -gram | record
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| electr/o | electric
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| electrocardiogram | record of the electrical activity of the heart
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| my/o | muscle
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| myocardial | pertaining to the heart muscle
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| pan | all
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| pancarditis | inflammation of all the walls of the heart, including the epicardium, myocardium, & endocardium
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| peri | around
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| pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium
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| -um | structure
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| pericardium | structure around the heart
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| coron/o | crown
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| coronary arteries | arteries that supply the heart w/blood (sit on top of the heart like a crown)
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| ech/o | sound
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| echocardiogram | record of the heart produced by sound waves
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| embol/o | plug
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| -us | condition; thing
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| embolus | plug of clotted blood that is transported thru bloodstream by the blood current
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| isch/o | hold back
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| myocardial ischemia | hold back of blood to the heart muscle
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| angina pectoris | severe chest pain
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| myocardial infarction | area of tissue that undergone necrosis (death) due to lack of blood supply to the heart
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| phleb/o | vein
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| -osis | abnormal condition
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| phlebothrombosis | abnormal condition of clots in a vein
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| thromb/o | clot
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| thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein w/ clot formation
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| rhythm/o | rhythm
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| a(n)- | no; not
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| arrhythmia | deviation from the normal heart rhythm
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| scler/o | hardening
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| -therapy | treatment
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| sclerotherapy | injection of a soln into a vein for the purpose of destroying the vein inner lining by sclerosis
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| thrombus | blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel
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| valvul/o | valve
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| valvuloplasty | surgical repair of a valve
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| varic/o | twisted & swollen
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| -ose | pertaining to
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| varicose veins (pg 261) | twisted, swollen superficial veins, typically of the saphenous vein of the lower leg
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| vascul/o | vessel
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| avascular | pertaining to no blood vessels
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| cerebr/o | brain
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| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | disturbance in the flow of blood to one or more parts of the brain (stroke)
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| vas/o | vein
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| extravasation | excape of fluid into the surrounding tissue
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| vasoconstriction | process of drawing together the walls of a vessel; narrowing of the lumen; vasospasm
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| vasodilation | process of vessel expansion; widening of the vessel
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| ven/o | vein
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| venous | pertaining to a vein
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| venule | small vein
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| ventricul/o | ventricle (lower chamber of the heart)
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| interventricular septum | pertaining to the wall b/w the ventricles
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| -ectasis | dilation; dilation; stretching
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| angiectasis | dilation of a blood vessel
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| -brady | slow
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| bradycardia | slow heartbeat
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| -tachy | fast
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| tachycardia | fast heartbeat
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| BP | blood pressure
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| ASHD | arteriosclerotic heart diease (damage to the heart due to the obstruction of a coronary artery)
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