Essentials of Medical Terminology - Ch. 10
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| eyes & ears | part of the nervous system
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| eye consists | inner eye (eyeball) & outer eye (facial structure & eye muscles surrounding the eye)
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| inner eye (eyeball)consists | outer, middle, & inner layers
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| outer layers consists | cornea & sclera
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| cornea | transparent anterior portion, allows light into the eye & participates in the focusing of light onto the back of the eye
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| sclera | white of the eye (tough protective covering for most of the eyeball)
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| middle layer consists | uvea
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| uvea (YOU-vee-ah) consists | choroid, ciliary body, & iris
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| choroid (KOH-roid) | inner lining of the sclera & contains blood vessels to nourish the eye
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| ciliary body (SIL-ee-ahr-e) | lies at the anterior edges of choroid body & consists of ciliary muscles & ciliary process
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| ciliary muscles | adjust the shape of the lens for focusing
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| ciliary process | produces a watery substance (aqueous humor -- bathes the anterior region of the eye)
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| iris | circular, colored portion of the eye
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| pupil (central opening in the iris) | regulates the amt of light that enters the eye
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| inner layer consists | retina
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| retina contain | cones & rods (which are the cells that transform light into nerve impulses)
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| cones | responsible for central & bright light vision
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| rods | responsible for peripheral & low-light vision
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| optic disc/blind spots | has no rods or cones & doesn't produce a visual images
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| lens | is not considered to be part of one of the layers of the eye
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| suspensory ligaments | where lens is located (posterior to the iris) & is held in place by ligaments
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| refraction | when light passes thru the lens, it bent...bending is called
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| lens accommodation | lens-shape changing
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| cataracts | common age-related eye condition
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| lens have two cavities | anterior & posterior cavities
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| anterior cavity | contains aqueous humor (produced by ciliary processes)
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| posterior cavity | contains vitreous humor (clear, jelly-like material)
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| vitreous humor | maintains the spherical shape of the eyeball, holds retina firmly against the choroid and transmits light
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| glaucoma | inability to drain aqueous humor causes increased intraocular pressure
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| outer eye consists | orbital cavity, extrinsic ocular muscles, eyelids, conjunctival membrane, & lacrimal apparatus
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| orbital cavity | bony depression into which eyeball fits, providing protection
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| extrinsic ocular muscles | have 6 attached to the sclera of each eye (which move eye in any direction)
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| rectus | straight
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| oblique | slanted
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| six extrinsic ocular are | superior, inferior, medial, & lateral retus; superior, & inferior oblique
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| eyelids | shield eye from the light, dust, & trauma
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| conjunctival membrane | thin mucous membrane lining the eyelids & anterior part of the eye exposed to the air, providing protection & lubrication
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| lacrimal apparatus | produces, delivers, & drains tears from the eyes (cleaning & lubricating)
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| lacrimal glands | produce tears
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| lacrimal ducts | continuously delivered tears
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| punctae | drain tears from eyes into a system of canals in the nose
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| lysozyme | fight infectious microorganisms w/ antibacterial enzyme
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| ambly/o | dull; dim
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| coagulati/o | to condense; to clot
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| dipl/o | double
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| emmertr/o | in proper measure
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| is/o | equal
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| -conus | cone-shaped
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| -edema | accumulation of fluid
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| -metrist | specialist in the measurement of
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| -ory | pertaining to
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| -schisis | splitting; cleft
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| myoin- | to shut
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| presby- | old age
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| pseudo- | false
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| aque/o | water
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| -ous | pertaining to
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| aqueous humor | pertaining to a watery fluid found in the anterior cavity
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| blephar/o | eyelid (most commonly used to indicate pathologic condition)
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| -pexy | surgical fixation
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| blepharopexy | surgical fixation of the eyelid
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| -plasty | surgical reconstruction
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| blepharoplasty | surgical reconstruction of the eyelid
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| sym- | together; with
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| symblepharon | adhesion of the eyeball to the eyelid
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| chori/o | choroid
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| -itis | inflammation
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| retin/o | retina
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| chorioretinitis | inflammation of the choroid & retina
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| choroido | choroid; membrane
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| conjunctiv/o | conjunctiva
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| conjunctivitis | inflammation of the conjunctiva
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| core/o | pupil
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| -ia | condition
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| an- | no; not
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| is/o | equal
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| anisocoria | inequality in the size of the pupil
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| -meter | instrument used to measure
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| coreometer | instrument used to measure the pupil
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| corne/o | cornea
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| -eal | pertaining to
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| corneal | pertaining to the cornea
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| cycl/o | ciliary body
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| -plegia | paralysis
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| cycloplegia | pertaining to paralysis of the ciliary body
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| dacry/o | tear; lacrimal duct
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| -stenosis | narrowing
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| dacryostenosis | narrowing of the lacrimal duct
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| goni/o | angle (of the anterior chamber)
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| -scopy | process of visual examination
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| gonioscopy | process of visually examining the angle of the anterior chamber with the aid of gonioscope (tool for glaucoma)
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| irid/o; ir/o | iris
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| iridocyclitis | inflammation of the iris & ciliary body
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| iritis | inflammation of the iris
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| -ectomy | excision; surgical removal
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| iridectomy | excision of the iris
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| kerat/o | cornea
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| keratoconjunctivitis | inflammation of the cornea & conjunctiva
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| keratoconus | abnormal; cone-shaped protrusion of the cornea (disease causing blurred vision)
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| -osis | abnormal condition
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| myc/o | fungus
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| keratomycosis | fungal infection of the cornea
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| keratoplasty | surgical repair of the cornea; cornea transplant
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| lacrim/o | tears
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| -al | pertaining to
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| nas/o | nose
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| nasolacrimal | pertaining to the nose & lacrimal apparatus
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| mi/o | contraction; less
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| -tic | pertaining to
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| miosis | abnormal contraction of the pupil
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| miotic | a drug used to constrict the pupil
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| mydri/o | wide; dilation; dilation; dilatation
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| -iasis | condition; process
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| mydriasis | dilation of the pupil
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| mydriatic | pertaining to a drug used to dilate the pupil
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| ocul/o | eye
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| extra- | outside
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| extraocular | pertaining to the outside of the eye
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| intra- | within
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| intraocular | pertaining to within the eye
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| ophthalm/o | eye
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| ex- | outward
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| -logist | specialist
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| exophthalmia | outward protrusion o fthe eyeball
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| ophthalmologist | specialist in the study of the diagnosis & medical & surgical treatment of eye disorders
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| ophthalmology | study of the eye including diseases & treatment
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| ophthalmoscopy | process of visual examination of the eye (funduscopy or fundoscopy)
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| opt/o | vision; sight
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| optic | pertaining to vision or sight
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| -ician | specialist; one who specializes; expert
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| optician | expert who fills prescription for eyeglasses & contact lenses
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| -metrist | specialist in the measurement of
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| optometrist | specialist in the testing of visual function & in the diagnosis & nonsurgical treatment of eye condtion (don't have degree in medicine)
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| palpebr/o | eyelid
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| palpebral | pertaining to the eyelid
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| papill/o | optic disc
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| -edema | accumulation of fluid
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| papilledema | accumulation of fluid in the optic disc
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| phac/o; phak/o | lens
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| a- | no; not; lack of
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| aphakia | absence of lens
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| phacomalacia | softening of the lens
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| pseudo | false
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| pseudophakia | condition characterized by replacement of the lens w/connective tissue
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| phot/o | light
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| -ion | process
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| coagulati/o | to condense; to clot
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| cyclophotocoagulation | destruction of a portion of the ciliary body using a laser
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| photocoagulation | beam from a laser is aimed at the site of injury to condense the retinal tissue, thus repairing any retinal tears or detachment
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| -phobia | fear
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| photophobia | intolerance or sensativity to light
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| pupill/o | pupil
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| -ary | pertaining to
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| pupillary | pertaining to the pupil
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| retin/o | retina
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| retinal detachment | separation of the retina from underlying tissue
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| -pathy | disease
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| retinopathy | any disease of the retina
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| retinopexy | surgical fixation of the retina
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| -schisis | splitting; cleft
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| retinoschisis | splitting of the retina
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| scler/o | sclera
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| sclerectomy | excision of the sclera
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| ton/o | tension
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| tonometry | measurement of intraocular pressure (another test for glaucoma)
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| trabecul/o | meshwork; lattice
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| trabeculoplasty | surgical reconstruction of the trabecular meshwork of the canal Schlemn (used for treatment of glaucoma)
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| uve/o | uvea (includes choroid, ciliary body, & iris)
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| uveitis | inflammation of the uvea
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| vitre/o | glasslike; gel-like
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| vitrectomy | removal of soe or all of the vitreous humor & its replacement with clear fluid
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| humor | body fluid
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| vitreous humor | a gel-like, glassy substance in the posterior cavity
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| -chalasis | relaxation
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| blepharochalasis | relaxation of the eyelid
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| -opia; -opsia | visual condition; vision
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| ambly/o | dull; dim
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| amblyopia | dimness of vision
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| dipl/o | double
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| diplopia | double vision
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| an- | no; not; lack of
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| hemianopsia; hemianopia | lack of vision in half the visual field
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| presby | old age
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| presbyopia | impaired vision due to advanced age
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| hyperopia | light rays focus behind the retina; farsightedness
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| myein- | to shut
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| myopia | light ray are focused in front of the retina; nearsightedness
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| -tropia | turning
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| emmetr/o | in proper measure
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| emmetropia | normal vision
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| eso- | inward
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| esotropia | turning inward of the eyeball
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| exo- | outward
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| exotropia | turning outward of the eyeball
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| hypertropia | upward turning of the eyeball
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| hypotropia | downward turning of the eyeball
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| -tropion | turning
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| ec- | out
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| ectropion | outward turning of the eyelid
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| en- | inward
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| entropion | inward turning of the eyelid
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| accom | accommodation
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| OD (oculus dextra) | right eye
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| OS (oculus sinistra) | left eye
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| OU (oculus unitas) | both eyes
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| PERLA | pupils equal; react to light & accommodation
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| PERRLA | pupils equal, round, regular, react to light & accommodation
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| EOM | extraocular movement
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| IOL | intraocular lens
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| IOP | intraocular pressure
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| VA | visual acuity
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| VF | visual field
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| ear consists | external, middle, & inner ear
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| ear responsible | for hearing & plays prominent role in maintaining balance
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| hearing process consists | of detection & transduction
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| detection involves | receiving the sound stimulus
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| transduction involves | converting the detected sound into a nerve impulse (then sent on temporal lobe of brain for processing)
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| external ear composed | auricle, external auditory meatus, & eardrum (tympanic membrane)
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| middle ear consists | 3 ossicles; malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), & stapes (stirrup)
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| eustachian tube | air pressure on ea side of the eardrum (which connects middle ear to the throat)
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| inner ear (labyrinth) consists | bony & membranous labyrinth
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| bony labyrinth | vestibule, semicircular canals, & cochlea
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| membranous labyrinth | utricle, saccule, semicircular ducts, & cochlear ducts
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| bony labyrinth filled w/fluids | perilymph
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| membranous labyrinth filled w/ fluids | endolymph
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| 2 types of deafness | conductive & sensorineural
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| conductive deafness (can be treated by removing obstruction) | caused by obstruction of the path traveled by sound waves from the external ear to inner ear
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| types of obstruction | buildup of earwax or foreign body
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| sensorineural deafness | results from damage to the auditory nerve or cochlea
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| audi/o | hearing
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| -gram | record
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| audiogram | record of patient's hearing ability
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| -metry | process of measuring
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| audiometry | measurement of a patient's hearing ability
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| audit/o | hearing
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| -ory | pertaining to
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| auditory | pertaining to hearing
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| aur/o | ear
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| aural | pertaining to the ear
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| cochle/o | cochlea
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| -ear | pertaining to
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| cochlear | pertaining to the cochlea
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| -graphy | process of recording
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| electrocochleography | process of recording the electrical activity of the cochlea
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| labyrinth/o | inner ear; labyrinth
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| labyrinthitis | inflammation of the inner ear (often accompanied by vertigo (dizziness) & loss of balance)
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| myring/o | tympanic membrane; eardrum
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| myringotomy | process of cutting into eardrum to remove fluid from the middle ear
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| ossicul/o | ossicles (malleus, incus, & stapes)
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| ossiculoplasty | surgical reconstruction of the ossicles
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| ot/o | ear
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| otalgia | earache
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| otitis media | inflammation of the middle ear
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| media | middle
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| serous otitis media | inflammation results a buildup of watery fluid
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| purulent otitis media | inflammation of a buildup of pus
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| otorrhea | discharge from the ear
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| -rrhea | discharge; flow
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| -sclerosis | hardening
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| otosclerosis | hardening of the ear
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| otoscope | instrument used to visually examine the ear
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| salping/o | eustachian tube
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| salpingoscope | instrument used to visually examine the eustachian tube
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| staped/o | stapes
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| stapedectomy | removal of the stapes
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| tympan/o | tympanic membrane; eardrum
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| tympanoplastry | surgical reconstruction of the eardrum; myringoplasty
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| -cusis | hearing
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| presbycusis | diminished hearing due to old age
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