Terms, Abbreviations, & Meanings
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| AMD | age-related macular degeneration
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| HEENT | head, eyes, ears, nose, & throat
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| IOL | intraocular lens
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| IOP | intraocular pressure
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| LASIK | laser in situ keratomileusis
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| OD | right eyeLatin: oculus dexterDoctor of Optometry (optometrist)
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| OS | left eyeLatin: oculus sinister
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| OU | both eyesLatin: oculus uterque
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| PERRLA | pupils equal, round, reactive to light & accommodation
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| POAG | primary open-angle glaucoma
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| PRK | photorefractive keratectomy
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| VA | visual acuity
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| VF | visual field
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| accomodation | normal adjustment of eye to focus on objects from far to near
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| anisocoria | inequality in size of pupils
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| anterior chamber | space behind cornea & in front of lens & iris; contains aqueous humor
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| aphakia | absence of lens of eye
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| aqueous humor | fluid produced by ciliary body, helps to maintain shape of eyeball
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| chroid | middle layer of eye, thin membrane with rich supply of blood vessels
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| ciliary body | structure on each side of lens that connects choroid & iris
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| contains muscles that control shape of lens | the ciliary body
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| cone | photoreceptor cell in retina
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| responsible for color & central vision | cone
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| conjuctiva | delicate mucous membrane lining inner surface of eyelids & anterior part of eye
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| cornea | fibrous transparent layer of clear tissue that extends over anterior portion of eyeball
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| corneascleral | pertaining to cornea & sclera, white of the eye
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| fovea centralis | small depression in middle of macula; area of clearest vision
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| hypertensive retinopathy | disease of retina due to high blood pressure
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| intraocular | pertaining to within the eye
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| iridic | pertaining to the iris
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| iris | contractile disc that forms colored, pigmented portion of eye, by the ciliary body, surrounding the pupil
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| lacrimal | pertaining to tears
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| lacrimation | production of tears
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| lens | highly elastic, transparent biconvex body behind pupil of eye; surround & supported by fibers arising from ciliary body
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| macula | yellowish region on retina lateral to & slightly below optic disc
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| contains fovea centralis | macula
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| miosis | contraction of pupil of the eye
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| mydriasis | widening of pupil of the eye
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| ophthalmic | pertaining to the eye
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| optic chiasm | point at which optic nerve fibers cross in brain
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| optic disc | region at back of eye where optic nerve meets retina
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| optic nerve | rod & cone cells of retina to cerebral cortex in occipital lobe of the brain
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| palpebral | pertaining to an eyelid
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| pupil | circular opening in middle of iris; dark, central portion of the eye
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| pupillary | pertaining to the pupil of the eye
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| refraction | bending of light rays as they pass through cornea, lens, & fluids of eye
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| retina | thin, delicate membrane continuous with optic nerve; sensitive nerve cell layer of eye
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| rod | photoreceptor retinal cell; essential for seeing objects in low light & peripheral vision
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| sclera | tough outer membrane that helps to maintain shape of eyeball & attached to the muscles that moce the eye
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| scotoma | blind spot in the field of vision
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| thalamus | relay center in brain through which optic nerve fibers pass on way to cerebral cortex
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| uvea | vascular layer of the eye, including iris, choroids & ciliary body
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| viterous humor | soft, jelly-like material that fills the posterior cavity & preserves eyeball shape
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| the eye is one of a pair of special sense organs that | converts the energy of light into electrical nerve impulses and transmits those signals to the brain
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| The structures of the eye don't merely receive a light stimulus they | adjust the incoming light and adapt to it to form the clearest image
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| The eyes are contained in | two bony orbits at the front of the skull
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| external structure of the eye are | the eyelids, eyebrows & eyelashes
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| lacrimal glands | produce tears that moisten eye & eye muscles
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| there are three | fibrous layers covering eyeball
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| white of the eye | sclera
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| convex, transparent structure through which light passes to other parts of the eye | the cornea
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| anteriorly the chorois is joined to | the iris
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| muscles of the iris constrict & dilate the pupil in response | to the intensity of light
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| Contraction or relaxation of the ciliary body changes | the shape and size of the lens
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| fundus | inner posterior sirface of eye including retina & its structures and optic disc & macula lutea
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| macula lutea is another term for | the macula
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| multilayered structure, outermost layer of which contains light-sensitive cells-rods and cones | the retina
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| optic disc is also called | the blind spot
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| only area of retina that is not sensitive to light | the optic disc
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| anterior cavity consist of | anterior & posterior chambers
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| anterior cavity contains | the aqueous humor
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| nourishes the iris, lens & cornea | aqueous humor
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| posterior cavity occupies | all internal space behind the lens
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| process that brings light rays into focus on retina & stimulates the rods & cones | refraction
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| angle of refraction varies with | density of structure through which light rays pass
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| refracting media of the eye are | the cornea, aqueous humor, lens & vitreous humor
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| in accommodation the lens flattens | to perceive objects that are distant
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| in accommodation the lens flattens because | the ciliary body relaxes
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| in accommodation the lens thickens, or becomes rounded | to perceive objects that are near
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| in accommodation the lens thickens, or becomes rounded, because | the ciliary body contracts
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| when muscles of iris contract, the pupil constricts, which | eliiminates light rays that cannot be sufficiently refracted to focus on retina
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| contraction of the iris, causing pupil constriction, is | a function to natrually protect the retina
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| in addition to refraction. accommodation & constriction, accurate vision relies on | the coordinated/parallel movement of the eyes by the eye muscles
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| rods & cones of retina contain chemicals that undergo changes in | the presence of light
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| chemical changes, of rods/cones, produce | nerve impulses
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| nerve impulses produced by rods/cones are transmitted to the brain and | interpreted as visual images
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| cylindrical cells that enable detection of low-intensity light | rods
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| most of 120 million rods of eye are located | around periphery of retina
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| there are about 6.5 million cones which produce vision in bright light and | help us to see color
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| how many types of cones in retina? | three
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| each cone in retina is | sensitive to one of three primary colors
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| Color blindness occurs when there is | an absence of cones in the retina
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| a defect in production of the chemicals cones contain causes | color blindness
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| The most common form of color blindness affects the ability to | distinguish reds from greens
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| impulses are conveyed along the | optic nerve
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| the optic nerve sends impulses along | the optic chiasm
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| at the junction of the optic nerve and optic chiasm fibers from each optic nerve | cross over to the other side
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| fibers from the each visual field of eye form the | left/right optic tract
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| impulses move acros each optic tract to | the visual cortex in the occipital lobe
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| occipital lobe is an area in posterir of brain where | visual stimuli is interpreted
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| when the images from both eyes fuse in brain the produce | a single 3D image
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| binocular vision | use of both eyes together, without diplopia
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| covergence is | the movement of the eyes in unison toward a common point of fixation
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| the ability to see one image using both eyes is because | convergence allows us to have binocular vision
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