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Epidemology

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Term
Definition
Odds ratio   The level of exposure in a diseased group of animals divided by the level of exposure within a non-diseased group  
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P-value   A level of significance which determines whether to reject or accept the hypothesis  
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95% confidence interval   95% confident that the population value lies within this range. Probability that the value will be accurate at a 95% confidence  
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Sporadic   Irregular or haphazard occurrence of disease - related to environmental conditions  
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Recall bias   When a farmer cannot remember the full details of an event which happened within the past - i.e. vaccinations, clinical signs  
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Incidence   The number of new cases that occur in a known population over a specified period of time  
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Prevalence   The number of instances of disease or infection in a known population at a designated time, without distinction between old and new cases.  
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Case control study   A retrospective study which looks back to identify why disease occurred in some animals but not others.  
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Confounding   Variables which can have an adverse effect on result (i.e. age, sex, breed)  
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3 conditions which must be fulfilled for something to be a confounder in a study   1 - be a risk factor for disease 2 - be associated with exposure 3 - not to be an intermediate step in the causal pathway  
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Risk factor   A characteristic or exposure which increases the likeliness for disease  
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Prospective   Something which can happen in the future  
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Prospective cohort   Outcome has not happened yet, able to follow over time - providing more time for clinical signs to arise and be identified. Good for investigating rare exposures.  
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Power (i.e. 80%)   The probability that it will reject a false null hypothesis  
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What would need to happen to sample size if power needed to be at a higher level (i.e. 90% power)   Increase sample size  
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