Microbiology -2a- Intro bacterial cell structure
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| What can bacteria due that no other organism is capable of | fixing inorganic nitrogen
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| Why do microorganisms make great study buddies | grow fast, small, inexpensive, easy and same genetically as higher organisms
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| What are the 3 domains of classification | Bacteria, Archaea, Eucarya
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| Which domains are prokaryotes | bacteria and archaea
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| What distinguishes eucarya from prokaryotes | eukaryotes have true nucleus and cellular organelles, Prokaryotes have nucleoid
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| What are the characteristics of bacteria | single celled prokaryotes, with peptidoglycan cell wall. Nucleoid
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| How do bacteria & archaea multiply | binary fission
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| how to bacteria move | flagella
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| How are bacteria & archaea classified by shape | rods, cocci, spirillum
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| What is a unique characteristic of bacteria | Peptidoglycan cell wall
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| How are archaea different than bacteria | live in extreme conditions and have different cell membrane composition
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| Where do viruses fit into the three domains | they don't
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| what are the characteristics of viruses | nucleic acid surrounded by protein, obligate intracellular parasites,
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| which of the three domains can viruses infect | all three bacteria, archaea, eucarya.
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| What is a prion | rogue protein, somehow it can replicate who knows how.
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| What diseases do prions cause | Kreutzfeld-jakobs disease, Scrapie, Mad Cow, Kuru (spongiform encephalopathies)
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| What is bacterial chromosome like | 1 circular dsDNA supercoiled, located in nucleoid.
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| What is a plasmid | smaller circular pieces of dsDNA, antibiotic resistance, plasmids can transfer between bacteria
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| What is the size of the bacterial ribosome subunits and the complete ribosome | 30s and 50s subunits, and 70s
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| Do bacteria have same ribosome as eucarya | no Bacteria is 70s and eucarya is 80s
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| why is it significant that bacteria have a different ribosome than eucarya | allows for developing drugs that affect bacteria without harming human host.
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| What significant energy process takes place at the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria | Electron transport
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| What is the term for the fact that receptor proteins are always changing positions | Fluid mosaic model
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| What is the bacteria cell wall made of | Peptidoglycan
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| What are the two subunits of Peptidoglycan | N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
linked by glycan
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| What are the two divisions of bacteria based on cell wall | Gram negative and Gram positive
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| What is Gram Positive cell wall like and what is the principle component | thick peptidoglycan with teichoic acid which are neg charged
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| What is Gram Negative cell wall like | thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by outer membrane
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| what is the space between outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane | periplasmic space filled with thich gel called periplasm filled with proteins for nutrient degradation and transport
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| What is the gram negative outer membrane made of and what is it purpose | lipopolysaccharides which act as extra barrier with porins that allow only certain nutrients in.
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| What are the bacteria that don't fall into Gram negative and Gram positive | Mycobacterium Sp. and Mycoplasma sp.
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| How are mycobacterium Sp and Mycoplasma sp. different | mycobacterium sp have peptidoglycan with waxlike lipids that require it be stained with and acid-fast stain
Mycoplasma sp no peptidoglycan cell wall, have steroids in their membranes
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| What is the characteristics of LPS | toxic, endotoxin, composed of Lipid-A (anchor) and O-specific polysacharide side chain-
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| In LPS membrane what do the O-specific polysacharide side chain allow | they are unique combinations of sugars which allow for indentification of bacteria species
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| What problems can LPS membrane cause | stimulate immune response, cause fever and shock, alot of it can cause DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
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| What is the glycocalyx and what else is it called and give an example | gel like layer that protects and allows attachment. also called slime and capusle. made of dextrans and glucans. Can make Biofilms and PLAQUE
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| What is a Flagella and its part | used for motility made of filament, hook and basal body
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| What is chemotaxis | movement away from chemical repellants and toward attractants, find food and avoid toxins
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| What are pili | shorter thinner used for attachment also called fimbriae
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| What is the sex pili used for | used in conjugation allows transfer of DNA from one bacteria to another
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| What are storage granules for | storing glycogen, poly-betas hydroxybutyrate,
volutin can store phosphates
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| what is volutin good for | since they store phosphates they are good for water treatment to remove pollutants
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| What is an endospore and what are they like | dormant cell that is not active they can survive high heat, dessication, toxic chemicals which means they can survive potential pathogens
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| What are some famous endospore producers | Clostridium botulinum, perfingens, tetani, bacillus anthracis.
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