Muscle Notes
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| What is the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force? | contractility
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| What is the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus? | excitability
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| What is the ability to be stretched? | extensibility
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| What is the ability to recoil to original length? | elasticity
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| Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the _______. | epimysium
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| __________ is another connective tissue located outside the epimysium that surrounds and separates the muscle. | fascia
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| -thin myofilaments -2 strands of pearls twisted together | Actin Myofilaments
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| -thick myofiliments - bundles of mini golf clubs | Myosin Myofilaments
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| Actin and myosin form highly ordered units called ________, which are joined end to end to form the myofibril. | sarcomeres
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| What is the basic structural and functional unity of the muscle? | sarcomere
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| Where is the actin in the diagram we drew? | around the z line in the i band
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| What kind of charge does the outside of the cell membrane have? | positive
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| What kind of charge does the inside have? | negative
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| what are nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers? | motor neurons
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| adenosine triphosphate | ATP
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| what is tetany? | where muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| what is anaerobic respiration? | without oxygen
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| what is aerobic respiration? | with oxygen, more efficient
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| The ________ is the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells. | oxygen debt
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| muscle cells | muscle fibers
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| isometric | equal distance ex. stacking books on your hand
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| isotonic | equal tension ex. throwing bowling balls
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| which type of muscle fibers contract and fatigue quickly? and what is an example of this? | fast twitch fibers and the white meat of a chicken breast
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| which type of fiber contracts slower and is more resistant to fatigue? also give an example of this. | slow twitch fibers and dark meat of a ducks breast
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| the ______ (head) is the most stationary end of the muscle. | origin
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| muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called _________. | synergists
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| how are some ways muscles named? | location, size, oreintation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function.
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| raises the eyebrows | occipitofrontalis
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| closes eyelids and causes crows feet | orbicularis oculi
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| puckers the lips | orbicularis oris
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| mastication | chewing
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| how many pairs of mastication muscles are there? | 4
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| the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction is called the __________. | sliding filament mechanism
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| the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is called the _______. | lag phase
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| what is the increase in umber of motor units being activated is called _________. | recruitment
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| the process in which a muscle becomes shorter and tighter | contraction
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| muscle cell that makes up the muscle | muscle fibers
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| muscle connected to the skeletal system | skeletal muscle
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| layer of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual myocyte | endomysium
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| only found in heart, pumps blood through body | cardiac muscle
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| transparent tubular sheath which envelops the fibers of skeletal muscles | sarcolemma
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| regulates calcium ion concentration | sarcoplasmic reticulum
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| part of a nerve cell where impulses are conducted | axon
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| decline in muscles ability to generate force | muscle fatigue
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| What did the tennis ball experiment represent? | muscle fatigue
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| What is muscle that stabilizes? | fixators
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| Each presynaptic terminal contains synaptic vesicles that secrete a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. true or false? | true
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| The H and I bands shorten, but the A bands do change in length. true or false? | false
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| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called ________, at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally. | threshold
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| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called threshold, at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally. This phenomenon is called the _______________. | all-or-none response
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| the time of contraction is the _________. | contraction phase
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| Where is ATP produced? | mitochondria
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| ATP is short lived and very unstable. t/f? | true
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| ATP turns into ADP plus phosphate. t/f? | true
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| It is necessary for muscle cells to constantly produce ATP. When at rest they can’t stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule, called ___________. | creatine phosphate
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| what flattens the cheeks? | "trumpter's muscle" buccinator
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| smiling muscle | zygomaticus
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| sneering | levator labii superioris
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| frowning | depressor anguli oris
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| what changes the shape of the tongue? | intrinsic tongue muscles
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| what moves the tongue? | extrinsic tongue muscles
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| lateral neck muscle and prime mover...rotates and abducts the head | sternocleidomastoid
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| muscles that move the thorax | thoracic muscles
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| elevates the ribs during inspiration | external intercostals
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| contract during forced expiration | internal intercostals
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| tendious area of the abdominal wall | linea alba
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| on each side of the linea alba | rectus abdominis muscle
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| adducts and flexes the arm | pectoralis major
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| medially rotates, adducts, powerfully extends the arm 'swimmer muscles" | latissimus dorsi
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| major abductor of the upper limb | deltoid
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| extends the forearm | triceps brachii
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| flexes the forearm | biceps brachii
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| flexes forearm | brachialis
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| flexes and supinates the forearm | brachioradialsis
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| flexes the wrist | flexor carpi
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