Musculoskeletal System
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| Any body part attached to a main structure | appendage
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| Place of union between two or more bones; also called joint | articulation
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| Spongy or porous structure, as found at the ends of long bones | cancellous
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| Ligaments that cross each other forming an X within the notch between the femoral condyles | cruciate ligaments
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| Production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow | hematopoiesis
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| ankyl/o | stiffness; bent, crooked
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| arthr/o | joint
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| kyph/o | humpback
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| lamin/o | lamina (part of vertebral arch)
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| lord/o | curve, swayback
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| myel/o | bone marrow; spinal cord
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| orth/o | straight
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| oste/o | bone
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| ped/o | foot; child
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| ped/i | foot; child
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| scoli/o | crooked, bent
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| thorac/o | chest
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| acromi/o | acromion (projection of scapula)
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| brachi/o | arm
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| calcane/o | calcanium (heel bone)
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| carp/o | carpus (wrist)
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| cephal/o | head
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| cervic/o | neck; cervix uteri (neck of cervix)
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| clavicul/o | clavicle (collar bone)
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| cost/o | ribs
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| crani/o | cranium (skull)
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| dactyl/o | fingers; toes
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| femor/o | femur (thigh bone)
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| fibul/o | fibula (smaller bone of lower leg)
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| humer/o | humerus (upper arm bone)
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| ili/o | ilium (later, flaring portion of hip bone)
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| ischi/o | ischium (lower portion of hip bone)
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| lumb/o | loins (lower back )
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| metacarp/o | metacarpus (hand bones)
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| metatars/o | metatarsus (foot bones)
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| patell/o | patella (kneecap)
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| pelv/i | pelvis
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| pelv/o | pelvis
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| phalang/o | phalanges (bones of the fingers and toes)
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| pod/o | foot
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| pub/o | pelvis bone (anterior part of pelvic bone)
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| radi/o | radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side)
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| spondyl/o | vertebrae (backbone)
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| vertebr/o | vertebrae (backbone)
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| stern/o | sternum (breastbone)
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| tibi/o | tibia (larger bone of lower leg)
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| leiomy/o | smooth muscle (visceral)
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| muscul/o | muscle
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| my/o | muscle
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| rhabd/o | rod-shaped (striated)
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| rhabdomy/o | rod-shaped (striated muscle)
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| chondr/o | cartilage
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| fasci/o | band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)
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| fibr/o | fiber, fibrous tissue
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| synov/o | synovial membrane, synovial fluid
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| ten/o | tendon
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| tend/o | tendon
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| tendin/o | tendon
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| -asthenia | weakness; debility
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| -blast | embryonic cell
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| -clasia | to break; surgical fracture
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| -clast | to break
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| -desis | binding, fixation (of bone or joint)
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| -malacia | softening of the bone
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| -physis | growth
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| -porosis | porous
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| -scopy | visual examination
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| a- | without, not
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| dys- | bad; painful; difficult
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| sub- | under, below
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| supra- | above; excessive; superior
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| syn- | union, together, joined
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| Stiffening and immobility of a joint | ankylosis
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| Compression of median nerve within the carpal tunnel | carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
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| Lameness, limping | claudication
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| Fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint | contracture
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| Dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing tohether, indicating a fracture or joint destruction | crepitation
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| Use of electrical stimulation to record the strength of muscle contraction | electromyography
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| Increase in severity of a disease or any of its symptoms | exacerbation
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| Tumor of tendon sheath or joint capsule, commonly found in the wrist | ganglion cyst
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| Effusion of blood into a joint cavity | hemarthrosis
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| Loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching | hypotonis
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| Primary malignant tumor that infiltrates the bone and red bone marrow | multiple myeloma
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| Bony outgrowth that occasionally develops on the vertebra and may exert pressure on the spinal cord | osteophyte
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| Perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists | phantom limb
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| Replacement of a missing part by an artificial substitute, such as an artificial extremity | prosthesis
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| Form of osteomalacia in children caused by Vitamin D deficiency; also called rachitis | rickets
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| Frayment of necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue | sequestrum
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| Any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it | spondylolisthesis
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| Degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues | spondylosis
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| Tearing of ligament tissue that may be slight, moderate or complete | sprain
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| To exert physical force in a manner that may result in injury, usually muscular | strain
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| Partial or incomplete dislocation | subluxation
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| Congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side; also called clubfoot | talipes equinovarus
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| Radiograph of joint cavity (contrast material) | arthrography
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| Radiographic procedure to measure bone mineral density | bone density tests
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| Imaging technique to make a series of cross-sectional images of a body part | computed tomography
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| Radiological examination of intervertebral disk (contrast medium) | discography
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| Radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral and oblique views of the lower spine | lumbosacral spinal radiography
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| Radiography of the spinal cord (contrast medium) | myelography
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| Nuclear medicine procedure of various tissues and organs (radionuclide) | scintigraphy
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| Scintigraphy procedure in which radionuclide is injected intravenously and taken up into the bone | bone scintigraphy
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| Procedure that restores a bone to its normal position | reduction
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| Manipulation - not surgery | closed reduction
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| Using surgery | open reduction
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| Application of a solid, stiff dressing to immobilize while healing | casting
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| Application of an orthopedic device for immobilization, stabilization, and protection | splinting
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| Weights and pulleys to align or immobilize and facilitate healing process | traction
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| Partial or complete removal of an extremity due to trauma or circulatory disease | amputation
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| Puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid | arthrocentesis
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| Surgical breaking of ankylosed joint to provide movement | arthroclasia
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| Visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures | arthroscopy
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| Implanting or transplanting bone tissue | bone grafting
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| Excision of bursa | bursectomy
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| Excision of posterior arch of vertebra | laminectomy
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| Repeated surgery to correct a previous surgery | revision surgery
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| Repeated surgery to correct bone infection, misalignment of bones, broken prosthesis, and fractures of bone around the prosthesis | bone revision surgery
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| Excision of sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone) | sequestrectomy
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| Excision of a synovial membrane | synovectomy
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| Treat and prevent hypocalcemia | calcium supplements
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| Treat rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting activity within the immune system | gold salts
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| Decrease pain and suppress inflammation | NSAIDs
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| Relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation | salicylates
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| Relieve muscle spasms and stiffness | skeletal muscle relaxants
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| ACL | anterior cruciate ligament
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| AK | above the knee
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| BE | barium enema; below elbow
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| BK | below the knee
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| C1, C2... | 1st cervical vertebra, 2nd...
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| Ca | calcium, cancer
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| CTS | carpal tunnel syndrome
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| CT | computed tomography
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| DEXA, DXA | dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
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| DJD | degenerative joint disease
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| EMG | electromyography
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| Fx | fracture
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| MG | Myosthenia Gravis (muscular weakness)
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| HD | hip disarticulation
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| HNP | herniated nucleus pulposus (herniated disk)
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| HP | hemipelvectomy
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| IM | intramuscular; infectious mononucleosis
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| IV | intravenous
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| L1, L2... | 1st lumbar vertebra, 2nd....
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| LS | lumbosacral spine
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| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging
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| MS | musculoskeletal; multiple sclerosis; mitral stenosis,;mental status
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| NSAIDs | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
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| ORTH, ortho | orthopedics
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| PCL | posterior cruciate ligament
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| RA | rheumatoid arthritis; right atrium
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| RF | rheumatoid factor; radio frequency
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| ROM | range of motion
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| THR | total hip replacement
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| TKA | total knee arthroplasty
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| TKR | total knee replacement
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| TRAM | transverse rectus abdominis muscle
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