integumentary system, bones, axial and app. skeleton, and joints
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| show | epidermis (superficial layer)
dermis
NOT TECHNICALLY A LAYER:
Hypodermis or superficial fascia
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| epidermis | show 🗑
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| cell types in epidermis | show 🗑
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| keratinocytes: | show 🗑
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| melanocytes | show 🗑
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| show | touch receptors (tactile)
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| show | macrophages that assist in cell immunity
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| show | top to bottom:
stratum corneum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
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| stratum corneum | show 🗑
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| show | 3-5 layers of layers that get flattened
Keratohyaline and lamellated granules accumulate
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| show | thick skin only (soles of feet and palms of hands)
several layers of DEAD keratinized cells
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| Stratum Spinosum | show 🗑
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| Stratum Basale | show 🗑
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| dermis | show 🗑
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| papillary layer | show 🗑
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| show | 80% thickness of the dermis
contain collagen fibers and elastic fibers
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| skin markings | show 🗑
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| show | Epidermal ridges that are on top of l deeper dermal papillary ridges (form friction ridges of fingerprints)
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| show | Collagen fibers arranged in bundles form cleavage (tension) lines
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| Incisions made parallel to cleavage lines heal more readily | show 🗑
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| show | Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner corpuscles
free nerve endings
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| show | stimulated by heavy pressure deep in dermis
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| show | tactile sense to light touch (dermal papillae)
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| Free Nerve endings | show 🗑
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| show | subcutaneous layer below skin
composed of adipose tissue and areolar connective tissue
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| Skin color pigments | show 🗑
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| Melanin | show 🗑
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| Carotene | show 🗑
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| Hemoglobin | show 🗑
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| show | Sweat glands
Oil glands
Hairs and hair follicles
Nails
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| show | Eccrine
Apocrine
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| show | Abundant on palms, soles, forehead and all over the body
Sweat: 99% water, NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes
Ducts connect to pores
Function in thermoregulation
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| Apocrine sweat glands | show 🗑
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| show | Ceruminous glands—in external ear canal; secrete cerumen
Mammary glands
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| Sebaceous (oil) glands | show 🗑
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| show | Oily holocrine secretion
Bactericidal
Softens hair and skin
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| Functions of hair | show 🗑
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| Hair distribution | show 🗑
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| Hair Follicle parts | show 🗑
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| show | 2 layers
outer connective tissue root sheath
inner epithelial root sheath
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| show | from epidermal surface to dermis
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| Arrector pilli | show 🗑
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| Hair follicle receptor (root hair plexus) | show 🗑
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| show | Vellus
Terminal
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| Vellus | show 🗑
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| Terminal | show 🗑
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| show | Protection (3 types)
Body temp regulation
cutaneous sensations
metabolic function
blood reservoir
excretion
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| show | Three types:
Chemical
Physical/mechanical barriers
Biological barriers
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| Protection: chemical barrier | show 🗑
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| show | Keratin and glycolipids block most water and water- soluble substances
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| show | Dendritic cells, macrophages, and DNA
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| show | ~500 ml/day of routine insensible perspiration (at normal body temp)
At high temps, dilation of dermal vessels and increased sweat gland activity (sensible perspirations) cool the body
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| show | Temperature, touch, and pain
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| Function: Metabolic functions | show 🗑
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| Function: blood reservoir | show 🗑
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| show | nitrogenous wastes and salt in sweat
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| show | Basal cell carcinoma (least malignant, most common)
Squamous cell carcinoma (second most common)
Melanoma (most dangerous)
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| show | Stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis
Cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases
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| show | Involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
Most common on scalp, ears, lower lip, and hands
Good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically
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| Melanoma | show 🗑
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| show | damage: tissue damage, denatured protein, cell death)
Immediate threat: Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, leading to renal shutdown and circulatory shock
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| show | Used to estimate the volume of fluid loss from burns
head and neck: 9%
upper limbs: 18%
trunk: 36%
lower limbs: 36%
perineum: 1%
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| Partial Thickness Burns | show 🗑
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| First Degree burn | show 🗑
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| show | Epidermal and upper dermal damage
Blisters appear
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| show | Entire thickness of skin damaged
Gray-white, cherry red, or black
No initial edema or pain (nerve endings destroyed)
Skin grafting usually necessary
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| skeletal cartilage | show 🗑
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| types of bone growth | show 🗑
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| interstitial growth | show 🗑
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| oppositional growth | show 🗑
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| axial skeleton | show 🗑
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| show | bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip
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| show | longer than they are wide (humerus, tibia, etc)
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| short bones | show 🗑
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| show | Thin, flat, slightly curved
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| irregular bones | show 🗑
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| show | Support –
Protection –
Movement –
Mineral storage –
Blood cell formation
Triglyceride
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| Function: Support | show 🗑
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| Function: Protection | show 🗑
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| show | provide levers for muscles
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| show | reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus
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| Function: Blood cell formation | show 🗑
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| Function: Energy storage | show 🗑
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| show | Compact bone
Spongy bone
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| show | Dense outer layer
Made of osteons
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| Spongy (cancellous) bone | show 🗑
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| Structure of a long bone | show 🗑
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| show | shaft of bone
Compact bone collar surrounds medullary (marrow) cavity
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| show | in adults contains fat (yellow marrow)
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| show | Expanded ends
Spongy bone interior
Epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate)
Articular (hyaline) cartilage on joint surfaces
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| show | Peristeum
Endosteum
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| show | Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone
Also contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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| Peristeum | show 🗑
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| show | spongy bone in flat bones
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| show | Periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside
Endosteum-covered spongy bone within
Bone marrow between the trabeculae
Have no diaphysis or epiphyses
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| Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow) | show 🗑
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| Osteoblasts | show 🗑
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| Osteoclasts | show 🗑
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| show | mature bone cells
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| show | Stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts
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| Haversian system, or osteon | show 🗑
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| show | Weight-bearing
Column-like matrix tubes
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| Chondrocytes | show 🗑
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| show | small cavities that contain osteocytes
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| show | Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
Central (Haversian) canal
Canaliculi
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| Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals | show 🗑
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| show | Contains blood vessels and nerves
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| Canaliculi | show 🗑
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| show | spongy bone
align along lines of stress
no osteons
capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients
Contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi
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| Chemical Composition of Bone: Organic | show 🗑
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| Osteoid | show 🗑
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| Chemical Composition of Bone: Inorganic | show 🗑
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| show | 65% of bone by mass
Mainly calcium phosphate crystals
Responsible for hardness and resistance to compression
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| Osteogenesis | show 🗑
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| Stages of osteogenesis | show 🗑
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| show | Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
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| Intramembranous ossification | show 🗑
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| Endochondral ossification | show 🗑
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| postnatal bone growth | show 🗑
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| Growth in length of long bones | show 🗑
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| Growth Hormone | show 🗑
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| Thyroid Hormone | show 🗑
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| show | Promote adolescent growth spurts
End growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure
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| show | occurs where a bone is damaged which provides extra support
person needs to have a healthy diet
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| Bone Reabsorption | show 🗑
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| show | children: growth and thyroid hormone
adults: estrogen or testosterone
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| Hormones for calcium homeostasis | show 🗑
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| Osteoporosis | show 🗑
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| show | calcium salts not deposited which causes vitamin d deficiency
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| show | childhood disease that causes bowed legs
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| Wolff's law | show 🗑
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| show | Transmission of nerve impulses
Muscle contraction
Blood coagulation
Secretion by glands and nerve cells
Cell division
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| cranial bones | show 🗑
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| temporal bones projections | show 🗑
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| temporal bones openings | show 🗑
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| mandibular fossa | show 🗑
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| occipital bone | show 🗑
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| show | Optic canal/foramen – between the 2 wings
R - foramen rotundum
O – foramen ovale
S – foramen spinosum
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| show | upper part of nasal septum – vertical plate
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| show | joints between cranial bones
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| show | between frontal and parietal
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| sagittal suture | show 🗑
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| Squamous suture | show 🗑
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| lambdoid suture | show 🗑
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| Facial bones | show 🗑
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| show | lower jaw
body
ramus
mandibular condyles – posterior projection of the ramus
articulation: mandibular condyle articulates with mandibular fossa of the temporal bones
coronoid process – anterior projection of the ram
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| nasal bone | show 🗑
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| lacrimal bone | show 🗑
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| vomer | show 🗑
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| inferior concha | show 🗑
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| zygomatic bone | show 🗑
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| hard palate | show 🗑
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| nasal septum | show 🗑
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| show | Fontanels – spaces between cranial bones
anterior fontanel – closes after 11/2 years
posterior fontanel – closes at birth
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| Paranasal sinuses | show 🗑
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| Parts of the vertebal column | show 🗑
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| show | Cervical and lumbar
Thoracic and sacral
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| scoliosis | show 🗑
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| kyphosis | show 🗑
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| show | exaggerated lumbar curvature
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| Intervertebral discs | show 🗑
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| show | holes between the vertebra laterally. The spinal nerves emerge from it/them
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| cervical vertebrae | show 🗑
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| atlas: C1 | show 🗑
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| Axis: C2 | show 🗑
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| C3-C7 | show 🗑
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| show | large vertebrae
spinous process – short and thick, like a hatchet
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| show | forms posterior wall of the pelvis
sacral foramina
ala – laterally
articulation: ala articulates with the auricular surfaces of hip bone (illium)
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| Coccyx | show 🗑
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| Thoracic cage | show 🗑
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| Sternum | show 🗑
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| show | all attach posteriorly to vertebrae
all attach anteriorly through costal cartilages to the sternum directly or indirectly
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| ribs 1-7 (true ribs) | show 🗑
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| show | attach indirectly to sternum by joining costal cartilage of the rib above
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| ribs 11-12 (floating ribs) | show 🗑
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| show | Head
Articulation: head of the rib articulates with the demi facets on the vertebral body
Neck
Tubercle
Articulation: tubercle of the rib articulates with the facet on transverse process
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| show | Pectoral girdle
upper limb bones
pelvic girdle
lower limbs
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| Pectoral girdle: | show 🗑
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| upper limb bones | show 🗑
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| show | Hip bones (2)
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| show | thigh, leg, ankle, foot, toes
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| show | sternal end
Articulations: Sternal end or medial end articulates with sternum
acromial end
Articulations: Acromial end or lateral end articulates with acromial process of scapula
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| show | boarders superior, lateral and medial
anterior surface:
Corocoid process
Subscapular fossa
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| show | arm bone
Superior end:
Head of humerus –
Articulation – head with the glenoid fossa of the scapula
Neck
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| show | medial, on the anterior surface of humerus, above the trochlear
Articulation: coronoid fossa articulates with the coronoid process of ulna when the elbow is flexed
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| show | lateral, on the anterior surface of humerus, above the capitulum
articulation: radial fossa articulates with the radial head when the elbow is flexed
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| Humerus: Olecranon fossa | show 🗑
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| show | 8
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| show | 5
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| show | 14
2 in thumb
3 in each digit
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| show | Hip bones: 3
Ileum (hands of hips)
Ischium (sit on)
Pubic (in the front)
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| show | below pelvic brim
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| Femur: Distal end: Medial condyle | show 🗑
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| articulation | show 🗑
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| functions of articulations | show 🗑
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| show | Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
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| Diarthroses | show 🗑
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| show | slightly movable
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| Synarthrosis | show 🗑
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| Three structural classifications | show 🗑
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| show | bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint
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| show | reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased
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| abduction | show 🗑
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| adduction | show 🗑
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| show | movement describes a cone in space
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| show | extension of the foot (pointed toes)
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| show | flexion of the foot (flat foot)
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| show | turn sole medially (sole inwards)
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| show | slipping movements only
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| uniaxial | show 🗑
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| biaxial | show 🗑
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| show | movement in or around all three planes
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| insertion | show 🗑
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| origin | show 🗑
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| show | deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane
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Created by:
davisobr
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