Blood Pathology, Lab Tests & Clinical Procedures
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epstein-Barr virus | cause of mononucleosis
🗑
|
||||
| autologous bone marrow transplantation | patient serves as own donor for stem cells
🗑
|
||||
| four main blood types | A, B, AB & O
🗑
|
||||
| disseminated intravascular coagulation | bleeding disorder marked by reduction in blood clotting factors due to their use & depletion for intravascular coagulation
🗑
|
||||
| graft versus host disease | immune reaction of donor's cells to recipient's cells
🗑
|
||||
| hairy cell leukemia | abnormal lymphocytes accumulate in bone marrow, leading to anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia & infection
🗑
|
||||
| mean corpuscular hemoglobin | average amount of hemoglobin per cell
🗑
|
||||
| mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration | average concentration of hemoglobin in a single red cell
🗑
|
||||
| when MCHC is low the cell is | hypochromic
🗑
|
||||
| mean corpuscular volume | average volume or size of a single red blood cell
🗑
|
||||
| when MCV is high the cells are | macrocytic
🗑
|
||||
| when MCV is low the cells are | microcytic
🗑
|
||||
| cubic millimeter | one millionth of a liter
🗑
|
||||
| neutrophils are | polymorphonuclear leukocytes
🗑
|
||||
| segs are | mature white blood cells
🗑
|
||||
| Sequential Multiple Analyzer Computer | an automated chemistry system that determines substance in serum
🗑
|
||||
| microliter | one millionth of a liter
🗑
|
||||
| anemia | dificiency in erythrocytes/hemoglobin
🗑
|
||||
| most common type of anemia is | iron deficiency anemia
🗑
|
||||
| iron deficiency anemia is caused by | a lack of iron
🗑
|
||||
| iron is required for | hemoglobin production
🗑
|
||||
| aplastic anemia | failure of blood cell production due to aplasia (absence of development/formation) of bone marrow cells
🗑
|
||||
| most cases of aplastic anemia are | idiopathic
🗑
|
||||
| come cases of aplastic anemia have been linked to | benzene exposure and antibiotics
🗑
|
||||
| antibiotic linked to aplastic anemia | chloramphenicol
🗑
|
||||
| panctyopenia occurs when | stem cells fail to product leukocytes, platlets & erythrocytes
🗑
|
||||
| blood transfusions prolong life, allowing marrow time to resume normal function, and antibiotics control infection for | aplastic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| sponteneous recovery is unlinkely; therapy for aplastic anemia includes | bone marrow transplant & drugs that inhibit the immune system
🗑
|
||||
| hemolytic anemia | red blood cells are destroyed at a rate faster than the bone marrow can replace them
🗑
|
||||
| congential pherocytic anemia | red blood cells are spheriodal, making them fragile & easily destroyed
🗑
|
||||
| shortened cell cell survival causes an increase of reticulocytes in blood as bone marrow compensates for hemolysis of mature RBC | in congenital spherocytic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| another name for congenital spherocytic anemia | hereditary spherocytosis
🗑
|
||||
| congenital spherocytic anemia is an example of | hemolytic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| removing the spleen, which destroys RBC, can usually improve | congenital spherocytic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| pernicious anemia | incomplete maturation of RBCs causes the inability to absorb viatmin B12 into body
🗑
|
||||
| pernicious means | ruinous or hurtful
🗑
|
||||
| viatmin B12 is necessary for | proper development & maturation of erythrocytes
🗑
|
||||
| instrinsic factor | substance normally found in gastric juice that helps absorb vitamin B12 into bloodstream
🗑
|
||||
| common foods containing B12 | liver, kidney, sardines, egg yolks & oysters
🗑
|
||||
| those with pernicious anemia lack | the intrinsic factor
🗑
|
||||
| excess of large, immature & poor functioning cells in bone marrow; often oval macrocytes in the circulation | pernicious anemia
🗑
|
||||
| treatment for pernicious anemia is | cobalamin (B12) instramuscular injections or via an intransal gel
🗑
|
||||
| sickle cell anemia | hereditary condition characterized by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes and hemolysis
🗑
|
||||
| in sickle cell anemia the cresent, sickle-shape of erythrocytes is caused by | abnormal type of HbS in the RBC
🗑
|
||||
| HbS | abnormal type of hemoglobin in the RBC of patients with sickle cell anemia
🗑
|
||||
| distorted, fragile erythrocytes not being able to pass through vessels normally | impeds blood flow to body's tissues
🗑
|
||||
| signs & symptoms of sickle cell anemia are | arthralgia, acute attacks of abdominal pain & ulcerations of extremities
🗑
|
||||
| thalassemia | inherited defect in synthesis of protein component that cause hemoglobin production
🗑
|
||||
| thalassemia usually affects those of | Mediterranean descent
🗑
|
||||
| thalassemia usually manifests in varying | forms & degrees of severity
🗑
|
||||
| leads to hypochromic anemia with diminished hemoglobin content in RBC | thalassemia
🗑
|
||||
| thalassa is a Greek word meaning | sea
🗑
|
||||
| hemochromatosis | excessive iron deposits throughout the body
🗑
|
||||
| hepatomegaly, skin pigmentation, diabetes & cardiac failure all may occur with | hemochromatosis
🗑
|
||||
| polycythemia vera | general increase in RBC; erythremia
🗑
|
||||
| in polycythemia vera the blood is viscous due to | greatly increased numbers of erythrocytes
🗑
|
||||
| in polycythemia vera the bone marrow is | hyperplastic
🗑
|
||||
| in polycythemia vera the overproduction of RBCs is linked to a | stem cell abnormality, causeing increases in number of WBCs & platlets
🗑
|
||||
| myelotxic drugs & phlebotomy are treatments for | polycythemia vera
🗑
|
||||
| hemophelia | excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of either factor VIII or IX
🗑
|
||||
| factor VIII & IX are necessary for | clotting of the blood
🗑
|
||||
| platlet counts are normal, but the missing factor results in prolonged coagulation time | hemophilliacs
🗑
|
||||
| hempophilia treatment includes | administration of deficient blood factor
🗑
|
||||
| purpura | multiple pinpoint hemorrhages & accumulation of blood under the skin
🗑
|
||||
| petechia | tiny purple/red flat spots appearing on the skin as result of hemorrhages
🗑
|
||||
| ecchymoses | larger blue/purplish patches on the skin
🗑
|
||||
| autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura | patient makes an antibody destroying own platlets; bleeding time is prolonged
🗑
|
||||
| commons treatments purpura | splenectomy & corticosteroids
🗑
|
||||
| leukemia | increase in cancerous white blood cells; malignant leukocytes fill marrow & bloodstream
🗑
|
||||
| when using acute to describe luekemia | lukemias of primarily immature leukocytes
🗑
|
||||
| when using chronic to describe luekemia | lukemias of primarily mature leukocytes
🗑
|
||||
| common clinical characteristics of acute leukemias | abrupt, stormy onset of symptoms, fatigues, fever, bleeding, bone pain/tenderness, lymphadenopathy. splenomegaly, hepatomegaly
🗑
|
||||
| CNS abnormalities of acute luekemias | headache, vomitting & paralysis
🗑
|
||||
| acute myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia (AML) | immature myeloblasts predominate & infiltrate/replace bone marrow causing diminished erythrocytes & platlets
🗑
|
||||
| acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) | immature lymphoblasts predominate; onset sudden & seen most often in children & adolescents
🗑
|
||||
| chronic myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia (CML) | immature & mature granulocytes present in bone marrow & bloodstream
🗑
|
||||
| ilness slow in progression, patients may have long period before life-threatening problems | CML - chronic myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia
🗑
|
||||
| therapies that target abnormal proteins responsible for malignancy | treatment for chronic myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia
🗑
|
||||
| Gleevec | drug therapy that targets abnormal proteins responsible for malignancy in CML patients
🗑
|
||||
| chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) | abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in marrow, lymph nodes & spleen
🗑
|
||||
| usually occurs in elderly & follows slow progressive course | chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
🗑
|
||||
| all forms of leukemia are treated with | chemotherapy
🗑
|
||||
| chemotherapy uses drugs that prevent | cell division & selectively injure rapidly dividing cells
🗑
|
||||
| occurs when leukemia cells reappear in blood & bone marrow, necessitating further treatment | relapse
🗑
|
||||
| dissappearance of signs of disease | remission
🗑
|
||||
| transplantation of normal bone marrow from donors is successful in restoring | bone marrow function in patients with acute leukemia
🗑
|
||||
| bone marrow donors must have | similar tissue type
🗑
|
||||
| granulocytosis | abnormal increase in granulocytes in blood
🗑
|
||||
| basophelia | increase in basophilic granulocytes seen in certain types of leukemia
🗑
|
||||
| eosinophilia | increase in eosinophilic granulocytes seen in asthma, or infections from tapeworm/pinworm
🗑
|
||||
| mononucleosis | infectious disease marked by increased number of leukocytes & enlarged cervical lymph nodes
🗑
|
||||
| in mononucleosis atypical lymphocytes are present in the | blood, liver & spleen
🗑
|
||||
| lymphadenitis, fever, fatigue, asthenia, & phayngitis are all symptoms of | mononucleosis
🗑
|
||||
| mononucleosis is usually transmitted by | direct oral contact
🗑
|
||||
| no treatment is necessary for | EBV infections
🗑
|
||||
| multiple myeloma | malignant neoplams of bone marrow; activated by B cells
🗑
|
||||
| Bence Jones protein | immunoglobin fragment found in urine
🗑
|
||||
| malignant lymphocytes destroy bone tissue & cause overproduction of immunoglobins, including Bence Jones protein | multuple myeloma
🗑
|
||||
| multuple myeloma leads to | osteolytic lesions, hypercalcemia, anemia, renal damage & increased susceptibility to infections
🗑
|
||||
| treatment for multuple myeloma includes | analgesics, radiotherapy, pallative doses of chemotherapy & special orthopedic supports
🗑
|
||||
| autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) in treating multuple myeloma | may lead to prolonged remission and possible cure
🗑
|
||||
| bone marrow biopsy | needle aspiration of a small amount of bone marrow followed by exam under microscope
🗑
|
||||
| bleeding time | time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound
🗑
|
||||
| blood transfusion | whole blood or cells are taken from a donor & infused into a patient
🗑
|
||||
| apheresis | withdrawl & separation of blood elements
🗑
|
||||
| antiglobulin test | test for presence of antibodies that coat & damage erythrocytes
🗑
|
||||
| autologous transfusion | removal & reinfusion of a patient's own blood/blood components
🗑
|
||||
| coagulation time | time require for venous blood to clot in a test tube
🗑
|
||||
| normal coagulation time | less than 15 minutes
🗑
|
||||
| determined presence of antibodies in infants of Rh- women, or patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia | autoglobulin test
🗑
|
||||
| normal bleeding time | 8 minutes or less
🗑
|
||||
| Simplate or Ivy method is used | bleeding time
🗑
|
||||
| bleeding time is prolonged in | platlet disorders & patients using asprin
🗑
|
||||
| complete blood count (CBC) | determination of the number of RBC, WBC platlets, hemoglobin level, hematocrit & red cell indices-MCH, MCV, MCHC
🗑
|
||||
| erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma
🗑
|
||||
| venous blood collected into anitcoagulant and blood placed in a tube in verticle position | ESR
🗑
|
||||
| sedimentation rate is | the distance that erythrocytes sink in a given period of time
🗑
|
||||
| sedimation rate increases with | infections, joint inflammation & tumors
🗑
|
||||
| tumors increase _________ in the blood | fibrinogen content
🗑
|
||||
| hematocrit | percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood
🗑
|
||||
| smaple of blood spun in centrifuge so that erythrocytes fall to the bottom of the sample | hematocrit
🗑
|
||||
| hemoglobin test | total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood
🗑
|
||||
| partial thromboplastin time (PTT) | measures presence of plasma factors that act in a portion of the coagulation pathway
🗑
|
||||
| test is used to follow patients taking anticoagulants, such a heparin | PTT
🗑
|
||||
| platlet count | number of platlets per cubic millimeter, or microliter, of blood
🗑
|
||||
| normal average amounts are 150,000 & 350,000 per mm3 | platlet count
🗑
|
||||
| red blood cell count (RBC) | number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter, or microliter, of blood
🗑
|
||||
| normal number is 4-6 million per mm3 | RBC
🗑
|
||||
| red blood cell morphology | microscopic exam of stained blood smear to determine shape of individual red cells
🗑
|
||||
| test for anisocytosis, poikilocytosis & sickle cell anemia | red blood cell morphology
🗑
|
||||
| white blood cell count (WBC) | number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter, or microliter, of blood
🗑
|
||||
| automated counting devices record numbers within in seconds to give totals of | WBC
🗑
|
||||
| the normal WBC average between | 5,000-10,000/mm3
🗑
|
||||
| white blood cell differential | percentage of the total WBC made up by different types of leukocytes
🗑
|
||||
| cells are stained & counted under microscope by a tech, unless instruments can produce automated differentials | white blood cell differential
🗑
|
||||
| term "shift to the left" describes | increase in immature neutrophils in blood
🗑
|
||||
| process can remove tosix substances or antibodies from blood & collect blood cells | apheresis
🗑
|
||||
| examples of apheresis are | leukopheresis, platletpheresis & plasmapheresis
🗑
|
||||
| plasma exchange | plasma removed & fresh plasma is replaced
🗑
|
||||
| blood type matched, tests to detect presence of hepatitis & HIV for blood to be used in a | blood transfusion
🗑
|
||||
| packed cells | preparation of RBC separated from liquid plasma
🗑
|
||||
| administered to severe anemics to restore levels of hemoglobin & RBC without overdiluting the blood with excess fluid | packed cells
🗑
|
||||
| used to diagnose blood disorders, cells deficiencies & leukemia | bone marrow biopsy
🗑
|
||||
| bone marrow aspirate | bone marrow removed by breif suction produced by a syringe
🗑
|
||||
| hematopoietic stem cells transplantation | peripheral stem cells from compatible donor administered into receipient's vein
🗑
|
||||
| patient's with malignant hematologic disease & multiple myeloma are candidates for | hematopoietic stem cells transplantation
🗑
|
||||
| process for hematopoietic stem cells transplantation | donor given drug to mobilize stem cells into blood, then removed from donor; recipient undergoes radiation & chemotherapy to kill malignant marrow cells & inactivate immune system; stem cells given to recipient through a vein
🗑
|
||||
| it is important to inactivate the recipient's immune system, for a hematopoietic stem cells transplantation, so that | the donor's stem cells will not be rejected
🗑
|
||||
| in graft vs. host disease the immunocompetent cells in the donor's tissue | recgonize the recipient's tissue as foreign & attack them
🗑
|
||||
| coagulopathy | disease of blood clotting
🗑
|
||||
| duscrasia | blood disease
🗑
|
||||
| electrophoresis | technique used to separate serum proteins by electrical charge
🗑
|
||||
| erythrocytopenia | deficiency of RBC
🗑
|
||||
| granulocytopenia | deficiency of granulocytes
🗑
|
||||
| hemoglobinopathy | disease/defect of hemoglobin production
🗑
|
||||
| hypochromic | pertaining to deficiency in color; decrease in hemoglobin in RBCs
🗑
|
||||
| leukapheresis | mechanical separation of WBCs from rest of the blood
🗑
|
||||
| leukocytopenia | deficiency of white blood cells
🗑
|
||||
| macrocytosis | presence of large red blood cells in blood
🗑
|
||||
| microcytosis | increased numbers of smaller than normal blood cells
🗑
|
||||
| morphology | study of the shape & form of cells, particularly RBCs
🗑
|
||||
| neutropenia | deficiency of neutrophils
🗑
|
||||
| neutrophelia | increased numbers of neutrophils
🗑
|
||||
| pancytopenia | deficiency of all blood cells
🗑
|
||||
| plasmapheresis | removal of plasma by centrifuge, from withdrawn blood
🗑
|
||||
| platletpheresis | separation of platlets from rest of the blood
🗑
|
||||
| poikilocytosis | variation in shape of RBCs
🗑
|
||||
| prothombin time | test of ability of blood to blot
🗑
|
||||
| sideropenia | deficiency of iron in blood
🗑
|
||||
| spherocytosis | increase in numbers of sphere-shaped RBCs, as in a type of anemia (hemolytic anemia)
🗑
|
||||
| thrombocytopenia | deficiency of clotting cells; decreased platelet counts prevents a platelet plug from forming
🗑
|
||||
| thrombolytic therapy | treatment with drugs to breakdown clots that may abnormally form in blood vessels
🗑
|
||||
| thrombosis | condition of clot formation
🗑
|
||||
| anemia cane be caused by | low RBC production, increased breakdown of RBCs, or blood loss
🗑
|
||||
| anemia cane be caused by | low RBC production, increased breakdown of RBCs, or blood loss
🗑
|
||||
| red blood cells of a person who is anemic, compared to a healthy person, often differ in their | size, shape, and appearance
🗑
|
||||
| Cooley's anemia | most severe form of thelesemia, both physical & mental growth can be retarded; requires blood transfusion
🗑
|
||||
| in aplastic anemia, the failure of the cell-generating ability of bone marrow affects all of the cellular elements of the blood; a condition known as | pancytopenia
🗑
|
||||
| aplastic anemia can be diagnosed via | bone marrow biopsy
🗑
|
||||
| hemolytic anemia can be | congenital or aquired
🗑
|
||||
| Coombs test can be used to detect | hemolytic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| acquired hemolytic anemia is sometimes caused by | an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies develop and attack antigens on the red blood cell membrane
🗑
|
||||
| due to the rapid destruction of RBCs in hemolytic anemia the bilirubin is elevated causing | jaundice
🗑
|
||||
| the spleen is the site of RBC destruction so a spleenectomy is often a treatment for | hemolytic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| sickle cell crisis | symptoms include joint pain, abdominal pain, & swelling of hands & feet
🗑
|
||||
| sickle cell anemia is incurable so treatment is aimed at | alleviating the symptoms
🗑
|
||||
| hemochromatosis may develop as a complication of | sickle cell anemia
🗑
|
||||
| diagnosis of multiple myeloma requires | lab, radiologic & bone marrow exams
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
lfrancois
Popular Medical sets