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Med Term Mod 13
Blood Pathology, Lab Tests & Clinical Procedures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Epstein-Barr virus | cause of mononucleosis |
| autologous bone marrow transplantation | patient serves as own donor for stem cells |
| four main blood types | A, B, AB & O |
| disseminated intravascular coagulation | bleeding disorder marked by reduction in blood clotting factors due to their use & depletion for intravascular coagulation |
| graft versus host disease | immune reaction of donor's cells to recipient's cells |
| hairy cell leukemia | abnormal lymphocytes accumulate in bone marrow, leading to anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia & infection |
| mean corpuscular hemoglobin | average amount of hemoglobin per cell |
| mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration | average concentration of hemoglobin in a single red cell |
| when MCHC is low the cell is | hypochromic |
| mean corpuscular volume | average volume or size of a single red blood cell |
| when MCV is high the cells are | macrocytic |
| when MCV is low the cells are | microcytic |
| cubic millimeter | one millionth of a liter |
| neutrophils are | polymorphonuclear leukocytes |
| segs are | mature white blood cells |
| Sequential Multiple Analyzer Computer | an automated chemistry system that determines substance in serum |
| microliter | one millionth of a liter |
| anemia | dificiency in erythrocytes/hemoglobin |
| most common type of anemia is | iron deficiency anemia |
| iron deficiency anemia is caused by | a lack of iron |
| iron is required for | hemoglobin production |
| aplastic anemia | failure of blood cell production due to aplasia (absence of development/formation) of bone marrow cells |
| most cases of aplastic anemia are | idiopathic |
| come cases of aplastic anemia have been linked to | benzene exposure and antibiotics |
| antibiotic linked to aplastic anemia | chloramphenicol |
| panctyopenia occurs when | stem cells fail to product leukocytes, platlets & erythrocytes |
| blood transfusions prolong life, allowing marrow time to resume normal function, and antibiotics control infection for | aplastic anemia |
| sponteneous recovery is unlinkely; therapy for aplastic anemia includes | bone marrow transplant & drugs that inhibit the immune system |
| hemolytic anemia | red blood cells are destroyed at a rate faster than the bone marrow can replace them |
| congential pherocytic anemia | red blood cells are spheriodal, making them fragile & easily destroyed |
| shortened cell cell survival causes an increase of reticulocytes in blood as bone marrow compensates for hemolysis of mature RBC | in congenital spherocytic anemia |
| another name for congenital spherocytic anemia | hereditary spherocytosis |
| congenital spherocytic anemia is an example of | hemolytic anemia |
| removing the spleen, which destroys RBC, can usually improve | congenital spherocytic anemia |
| pernicious anemia | incomplete maturation of RBCs causes the inability to absorb viatmin B12 into body |
| pernicious means | ruinous or hurtful |
| viatmin B12 is necessary for | proper development & maturation of erythrocytes |
| instrinsic factor | substance normally found in gastric juice that helps absorb vitamin B12 into bloodstream |
| common foods containing B12 | liver, kidney, sardines, egg yolks & oysters |
| those with pernicious anemia lack | the intrinsic factor |
| excess of large, immature & poor functioning cells in bone marrow; often oval macrocytes in the circulation | pernicious anemia |
| treatment for pernicious anemia is | cobalamin (B12) instramuscular injections or via an intransal gel |
| sickle cell anemia | hereditary condition characterized by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes and hemolysis |
| in sickle cell anemia the cresent, sickle-shape of erythrocytes is caused by | abnormal type of HbS in the RBC |
| HbS | abnormal type of hemoglobin in the RBC of patients with sickle cell anemia |
| distorted, fragile erythrocytes not being able to pass through vessels normally | impeds blood flow to body's tissues |
| signs & symptoms of sickle cell anemia are | arthralgia, acute attacks of abdominal pain & ulcerations of extremities |
| thalassemia | inherited defect in synthesis of protein component that cause hemoglobin production |
| thalassemia usually affects those of | Mediterranean descent |
| thalassemia usually manifests in varying | forms & degrees of severity |
| leads to hypochromic anemia with diminished hemoglobin content in RBC | thalassemia |
| thalassa is a Greek word meaning | sea |
| hemochromatosis | excessive iron deposits throughout the body |
| hepatomegaly, skin pigmentation, diabetes & cardiac failure all may occur with | hemochromatosis |
| polycythemia vera | general increase in RBC; erythremia |
| in polycythemia vera the blood is viscous due to | greatly increased numbers of erythrocytes |
| in polycythemia vera the bone marrow is | hyperplastic |
| in polycythemia vera the overproduction of RBCs is linked to a | stem cell abnormality, causeing increases in number of WBCs & platlets |
| myelotxic drugs & phlebotomy are treatments for | polycythemia vera |
| hemophelia | excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of either factor VIII or IX |
| factor VIII & IX are necessary for | clotting of the blood |
| platlet counts are normal, but the missing factor results in prolonged coagulation time | hemophilliacs |
| hempophilia treatment includes | administration of deficient blood factor |
| purpura | multiple pinpoint hemorrhages & accumulation of blood under the skin |
| petechia | tiny purple/red flat spots appearing on the skin as result of hemorrhages |
| ecchymoses | larger blue/purplish patches on the skin |
| autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura | patient makes an antibody destroying own platlets; bleeding time is prolonged |
| commons treatments purpura | splenectomy & corticosteroids |
| leukemia | increase in cancerous white blood cells; malignant leukocytes fill marrow & bloodstream |
| when using acute to describe luekemia | lukemias of primarily immature leukocytes |
| when using chronic to describe luekemia | lukemias of primarily mature leukocytes |
| common clinical characteristics of acute leukemias | abrupt, stormy onset of symptoms, fatigues, fever, bleeding, bone pain/tenderness, lymphadenopathy. splenomegaly, hepatomegaly |
| CNS abnormalities of acute luekemias | headache, vomitting & paralysis |
| acute myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia (AML) | immature myeloblasts predominate & infiltrate/replace bone marrow causing diminished erythrocytes & platlets |
| acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) | immature lymphoblasts predominate; onset sudden & seen most often in children & adolescents |
| chronic myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia (CML) | immature & mature granulocytes present in bone marrow & bloodstream |
| ilness slow in progression, patients may have long period before life-threatening problems | CML - chronic myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia |
| therapies that target abnormal proteins responsible for malignancy | treatment for chronic myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia |
| Gleevec | drug therapy that targets abnormal proteins responsible for malignancy in CML patients |
| chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) | abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in marrow, lymph nodes & spleen |
| usually occurs in elderly & follows slow progressive course | chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) |
| all forms of leukemia are treated with | chemotherapy |
| chemotherapy uses drugs that prevent | cell division & selectively injure rapidly dividing cells |
| occurs when leukemia cells reappear in blood & bone marrow, necessitating further treatment | relapse |
| dissappearance of signs of disease | remission |
| transplantation of normal bone marrow from donors is successful in restoring | bone marrow function in patients with acute leukemia |
| bone marrow donors must have | similar tissue type |
| granulocytosis | abnormal increase in granulocytes in blood |
| basophelia | increase in basophilic granulocytes seen in certain types of leukemia |
| eosinophilia | increase in eosinophilic granulocytes seen in asthma, or infections from tapeworm/pinworm |
| mononucleosis | infectious disease marked by increased number of leukocytes & enlarged cervical lymph nodes |
| in mononucleosis atypical lymphocytes are present in the | blood, liver & spleen |
| lymphadenitis, fever, fatigue, asthenia, & phayngitis are all symptoms of | mononucleosis |
| mononucleosis is usually transmitted by | direct oral contact |
| no treatment is necessary for | EBV infections |
| multiple myeloma | malignant neoplams of bone marrow; activated by B cells |
| Bence Jones protein | immunoglobin fragment found in urine |
| malignant lymphocytes destroy bone tissue & cause overproduction of immunoglobins, including Bence Jones protein | multuple myeloma |
| multuple myeloma leads to | osteolytic lesions, hypercalcemia, anemia, renal damage & increased susceptibility to infections |
| treatment for multuple myeloma includes | analgesics, radiotherapy, pallative doses of chemotherapy & special orthopedic supports |
| autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) in treating multuple myeloma | may lead to prolonged remission and possible cure |
| bone marrow biopsy | needle aspiration of a small amount of bone marrow followed by exam under microscope |
| bleeding time | time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound |
| blood transfusion | whole blood or cells are taken from a donor & infused into a patient |
| apheresis | withdrawl & separation of blood elements |
| antiglobulin test | test for presence of antibodies that coat & damage erythrocytes |
| autologous transfusion | removal & reinfusion of a patient's own blood/blood components |
| coagulation time | time require for venous blood to clot in a test tube |
| normal coagulation time | less than 15 minutes |
| determined presence of antibodies in infants of Rh- women, or patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia | autoglobulin test |
| normal bleeding time | 8 minutes or less |
| Simplate or Ivy method is used | bleeding time |
| bleeding time is prolonged in | platlet disorders & patients using asprin |
| complete blood count (CBC) | determination of the number of RBC, WBC platlets, hemoglobin level, hematocrit & red cell indices-MCH, MCV, MCHC |
| erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma |
| venous blood collected into anitcoagulant and blood placed in a tube in verticle position | ESR |
| sedimentation rate is | the distance that erythrocytes sink in a given period of time |
| sedimation rate increases with | infections, joint inflammation & tumors |
| tumors increase _________ in the blood | fibrinogen content |
| hematocrit | percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood |
| smaple of blood spun in centrifuge so that erythrocytes fall to the bottom of the sample | hematocrit |
| hemoglobin test | total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood |
| partial thromboplastin time (PTT) | measures presence of plasma factors that act in a portion of the coagulation pathway |
| test is used to follow patients taking anticoagulants, such a heparin | PTT |
| platlet count | number of platlets per cubic millimeter, or microliter, of blood |
| normal average amounts are 150,000 & 350,000 per mm3 | platlet count |
| red blood cell count (RBC) | number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter, or microliter, of blood |
| normal number is 4-6 million per mm3 | RBC |
| red blood cell morphology | microscopic exam of stained blood smear to determine shape of individual red cells |
| test for anisocytosis, poikilocytosis & sickle cell anemia | red blood cell morphology |
| white blood cell count (WBC) | number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter, or microliter, of blood |
| automated counting devices record numbers within in seconds to give totals of | WBC |
| the normal WBC average between | 5,000-10,000/mm3 |
| white blood cell differential | percentage of the total WBC made up by different types of leukocytes |
| cells are stained & counted under microscope by a tech, unless instruments can produce automated differentials | white blood cell differential |
| term "shift to the left" describes | increase in immature neutrophils in blood |
| process can remove tosix substances or antibodies from blood & collect blood cells | apheresis |
| examples of apheresis are | leukopheresis, platletpheresis & plasmapheresis |
| plasma exchange | plasma removed & fresh plasma is replaced |
| blood type matched, tests to detect presence of hepatitis & HIV for blood to be used in a | blood transfusion |
| packed cells | preparation of RBC separated from liquid plasma |
| administered to severe anemics to restore levels of hemoglobin & RBC without overdiluting the blood with excess fluid | packed cells |
| used to diagnose blood disorders, cells deficiencies & leukemia | bone marrow biopsy |
| bone marrow aspirate | bone marrow removed by breif suction produced by a syringe |
| hematopoietic stem cells transplantation | peripheral stem cells from compatible donor administered into receipient's vein |
| patient's with malignant hematologic disease & multiple myeloma are candidates for | hematopoietic stem cells transplantation |
| process for hematopoietic stem cells transplantation | donor given drug to mobilize stem cells into blood, then removed from donor; recipient undergoes radiation & chemotherapy to kill malignant marrow cells & inactivate immune system; stem cells given to recipient through a vein |
| it is important to inactivate the recipient's immune system, for a hematopoietic stem cells transplantation, so that | the donor's stem cells will not be rejected |
| in graft vs. host disease the immunocompetent cells in the donor's tissue | recgonize the recipient's tissue as foreign & attack them |
| coagulopathy | disease of blood clotting |
| duscrasia | blood disease |
| electrophoresis | technique used to separate serum proteins by electrical charge |
| erythrocytopenia | deficiency of RBC |
| granulocytopenia | deficiency of granulocytes |
| hemoglobinopathy | disease/defect of hemoglobin production |
| hypochromic | pertaining to deficiency in color; decrease in hemoglobin in RBCs |
| leukapheresis | mechanical separation of WBCs from rest of the blood |
| leukocytopenia | deficiency of white blood cells |
| macrocytosis | presence of large red blood cells in blood |
| microcytosis | increased numbers of smaller than normal blood cells |
| morphology | study of the shape & form of cells, particularly RBCs |
| neutropenia | deficiency of neutrophils |
| neutrophelia | increased numbers of neutrophils |
| pancytopenia | deficiency of all blood cells |
| plasmapheresis | removal of plasma by centrifuge, from withdrawn blood |
| platletpheresis | separation of platlets from rest of the blood |
| poikilocytosis | variation in shape of RBCs |
| prothombin time | test of ability of blood to blot |
| sideropenia | deficiency of iron in blood |
| spherocytosis | increase in numbers of sphere-shaped RBCs, as in a type of anemia (hemolytic anemia) |
| thrombocytopenia | deficiency of clotting cells; decreased platelet counts prevents a platelet plug from forming |
| thrombolytic therapy | treatment with drugs to breakdown clots that may abnormally form in blood vessels |
| thrombosis | condition of clot formation |
| anemia cane be caused by | low RBC production, increased breakdown of RBCs, or blood loss |
| anemia cane be caused by | low RBC production, increased breakdown of RBCs, or blood loss |
| red blood cells of a person who is anemic, compared to a healthy person, often differ in their | size, shape, and appearance |
| Cooley's anemia | most severe form of thelesemia, both physical & mental growth can be retarded; requires blood transfusion |
| in aplastic anemia, the failure of the cell-generating ability of bone marrow affects all of the cellular elements of the blood; a condition known as | pancytopenia |
| aplastic anemia can be diagnosed via | bone marrow biopsy |
| hemolytic anemia can be | congenital or aquired |
| Coombs test can be used to detect | hemolytic anemia |
| acquired hemolytic anemia is sometimes caused by | an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies develop and attack antigens on the red blood cell membrane |
| due to the rapid destruction of RBCs in hemolytic anemia the bilirubin is elevated causing | jaundice |
| the spleen is the site of RBC destruction so a spleenectomy is often a treatment for | hemolytic anemia |
| sickle cell crisis | symptoms include joint pain, abdominal pain, & swelling of hands & feet |
| sickle cell anemia is incurable so treatment is aimed at | alleviating the symptoms |
| hemochromatosis may develop as a complication of | sickle cell anemia |
| diagnosis of multiple myeloma requires | lab, radiologic & bone marrow exams |
Created by:
lfrancois
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