Terms & Meanings
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| blood | connective tissue composed of plasma & formed elements, or blood cells, suspended in blood plasma
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| plasma | clear, straw-colored flui; consisting primarily of water, but also contains proteins, sugar, salts, hormoned & vitamins
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| plasma consists of 55% of | the blood's total volume
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| plasma also picks up | certain wastes & gases at certain times
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| albumin | protein found in blood
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| antibody | protein made by WBC in response to antigens in blood
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| anticoagulant | substance that prevents blood clotting
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| antigen | foreign agent that stimulates the production of an antibody
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| Coombs test | antiglobulin test
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| billirubin | orange-yellow pigment found in bile
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| coagulation | process of blood clotting
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| colony-stimulating factor | protein that stimulates growth & proliferation of WBC (granulocytes)
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| cytology | study of cells
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| differentiation | specialization of cells from immature to mature forms
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| erythroblast | immature, developing RBC
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| erythropoiesis | formation of RBC
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| erythropoietin | hormone produced by kidney to stimulate bone marrow to produce erythrocytes
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| fibrin | protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot
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| fibrinogen | plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in clotting process
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| globulins | major blood proteins; immunoglobulins, alpha, beta, & gamma globulins are examples
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| granulocyte | WBC with numerous dark-staining granules
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| hematopoiesis | formation of blood cells
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| hemoglobin | blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in RBC
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| hemolysis | destruction/breakdown of blood; specifically RBC
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| hemostasis | stoppage of bleeding/circulation of blood
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| heparin | anticoagulant found in blood & tissues
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| immune system | response of immune system to foreign invasion
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| immunoglobin | antibody-containing protein in the blood;IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
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| leukocyte | white blood cell
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| lymphocyte | white blood cell with a single nucleus (mononuclear); capable of producing anitbodies
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| macrophage | large phagocytic cell migrating from blood into tissues
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| megakaryocyte | large, giant cell with a big nucleus; platlet precursor found in bone marrow
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| monoblast | immature monocyte
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| monocyte | WBC (agranulocyte) with one large nucleus; enters tissues as macrophages
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| mononuclear | pertaining to a WBC with a single, round nucleus; monocyte & lymphocyte
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| myeloblast | immature granulocytic WBC; cell normally only found in bone marrow
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| myelogenous | pertaining to cells produced in bone marrow
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| myeloid | derived from bone marrow
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| myelopoiesis | formation & development of bone marrow/cells tha originate from it
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| neutrophil | WBC with dark granules that stain with a neutral dye
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| phagocyte formed in bone marrow & body's first line of defense against disease | neutrophil
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| pallative | relieving, but not curing illness
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| phagocyte | cell that engulfs another cell/foreign organism & destroys it
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| platlet | clotting cell/thrombocyte
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| prothrombin | plasma protein converted to thrombin in clotting process
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| polymophonuclear | pertaining to a multi-lobed nucleus (in granulocytic WBCs)
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| reticulocyte | immature erythrocyte with network of strands
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| Rh factor | antigen/protein on RBCs of Rh positive individuals
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| serum | plasma minus clotting proteins, prothrombin & fibrinogen, and clotting cells
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| stem cell | unspecialized cell that gives rise to all forms of specialized cells in body
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| are found in the bone marrow and lead to the development of all types of blood cells | hematopoietic stem cells
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| thrombin | enzyme necessary for blood clotting
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| converts fibrinogen to fibrin in the clotting process | thrombin
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| thrombocyte | platlet; clotting cell
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| hemocytoblasts are another name for | hematopoietic stem cells
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| hematopoietic stem cells are pluripotent cells, which means | they can develop into several different mature cell types, in response to hormonal influence
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| stem cells undergo _____ to form specialized cell types | differentiation
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| in the bone marrow the cells are differentiated into | proerythroblasts, megakaryoblasts & myeloblasts
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| in the lymph tissue these cells are formed | lymphoblasts & monoblasts
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| pliable disks that are concave on both sides; perform pH maintenance & carrying respiratory gases | erythrocytes
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| term used to refer to a developing, not quite mature, RBC | reticulocyte
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| hemobglobin is made up of heme, which is | the pigmented, iron-containing portion of the molecule
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| hemobglobin is made up of globin, which is | a protein chain
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| RBC have no nucleus, instead they are packed with hundreds of molecules of | hemoglobin
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| when oxygen attaches to lossely to the iron, in hemoglobin, the oxygenated hemoglobin is now | oxyhemoglobin
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| when oxygen detaches from the hemoglobin it | diffuses from the blood to the cells
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| oxygen diffused from the blood is used during | cellular metabolism
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| RBC live for | about 120 days
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| macrophages break RBCs into | iron and protein
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| protein portion of the hemoglobin, broken down by macrophages, converts to | amino acids used to make new proteins
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| iron portion of the hemoglobin, broken down by macrophages, is either | stored in the livver or returned to bone marrow
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| basophils sercrete | heparin & histamine
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| histamine | chemical released in allergic inflammatoty reactions
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| active in parasitic infections | basophils
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| WBCs that contain large cytoplasmic granules that stain orange-red with acidic dye | eosinophils
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| eosinophils | increase in numbers to protect from allergens & play important role in defending against parasitic infections
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| first type of WBC to arrive at the scene of injury | neutrophils
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| all granulocytes are formed in the | red bone marrow
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| as granculocytes mature they develop multilobed nuclei making them | polymorphonuclear
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| polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes | granulocytes, especially neutrophils, that have developed multilobed nuclei
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| white blood cells and are usually spoken of in terms of two types: | T cells & B cells
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| mononuclear leukocytes | lymphocytes and monocytes
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| lymphocytes and monocytes are also | agranulocytes
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| not only mononuclear leukocytes, but also the largest of the leukocytes | monocytes
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| these cells help to mediate the body's immune system | lymphocytes
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| plasma consists of | 90% water & 10% other substances
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| gammaglobulins are called | immunoglobulins
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| albumin helps to maintain the proper balance of water | between capillaries & tissues
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| gamma globulins are also called | immunoglobulins
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| immunoglobulins | protects body from antigens
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| component of plasma protein that helps maintain water balance between capillaries & tissues | albumin
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| some antigens exist normally within the body; some bind to the surface of | RBCs
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| A antigens, on RBCs, are found on the | erythrocyte membrane
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| the mixing of antigens & antibodies, if given the wrong blood type, will cause | clumping of the blood, which is potentially fatal
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| O blood type is condsiered | the universal donor
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| universal donor blood type is able to be andmistered because there would not be a | antigen-antibody reaction
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| RhoGAM | drug, when administered during pregnancy and immediately after delivery, prevents the Rh- mother from forming anti-Rh antibodies
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| with assistance of ________ prothrombin activator triggers conversion of prothrombin to thrombin | blood calcium
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| fibrin, a mesh-like substance, traps red blood cells in its gel to form a | stable/fibrin clot
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| thrombin reacts with fibrinigen to change a forming clor to a | fibrous gell, called fibrin
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| first type of cell to form a clot at the injury site is | a platlet
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| substance that initiates coagulation after initial clotting at an injury site | thromboplastin
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| Clot formation in blood vessels is favored by two conditions: | slower than normal blood flow and rough spots along the lining of the blood vessel
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| antigen found on the RBC surface | Rh factor
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| dyscrasias | abnormal conditions of blood/bone marrow
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