Endocrine A&P Review
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| Sugar is an osmotic ___ | diuretic, pulls water to it, pushes it out through the kidney
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| What is mannitol used for? | reduce edema, esp. in the brain. Where goes sugar, so goes water.
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| Excess glucose binds to what kind of molecule? | proteins
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| What binds to proteins during hyperglycemia? | sugars
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| What is the effect of sugar binding to proteins during hyperglycemia? | leads to blood vessel weakness, contributing to problems like annyurism
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| What effect does hyperglycemia have on white blood cells? | paralyzes WBCs
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| What kinds of cells are paralyzed during hyperglycemia? | WBCs
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| What kind of sugars are dietary sugars broken down into? | 6 carbon monosaccharides
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| Why is it necessary to break down dietary sugars? | so they can be transported across the intestinal wall
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| Which vein transports digested molecules to the liver? | hepatic portal vein
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| What organ do nutrients go to immediately upon leaving the intestine? | liver
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| What is the first pass effect? | Liver filters out large amounts of oral medications
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| What is the function of insulin? | enables glucose to enter the cell
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| Under what conditions can glucose enter the cell without insulin? | exercise
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| How does exercise benefit hyperglycemia? | enables uptake of glucose into the cell without insulin
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| In the presence of _____, glucose is converted into _____ for Krebs cycle for energy | glucose, pyruvate
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| What does the body use for sugar if it has no insulin? | glycogen from the liver
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| What has to happen to glycogen for it to be mobilized from the liver? | broken into two smaller molecules
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| Hyperglycemia causes ____ diuresis, like salt | osmotic
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| What is the byproduct of the breakdown of fatty acids? | keatones
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| Why does a poorly controlled diabetic spill keatones? | because they body is using fats exclusively for energy and cannot clear all the keatones fast enough
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| When the brain is affected by high or low blood sugars, what kinds of system changes can be seen? | neurological symptoms
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| What does protein break down into when used for energy? | glucose
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| What is the process of breakdown of the bodies proteins called? | catabolism
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| Where are the adrenal glands located? | on top of the kidneys
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| What kind of hormones are produced by the cortex of the adrenal glands? | steroids, mostly mineralcorticoids for the most part
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| What are the names of the steroids produced by the cortex of the adrenal glands? | aldosterone, corticosteroids, gonadocorticoids
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| What is the effect of aldosterone? | retains sodium
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| What hormone retains sodium? | aldosterone
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| Where are steroids produced? | cortex of the adrenal glands
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| Where are aldosterone, corticosteroids and gonadocorticoids produced? | adrenal glands
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| What hormones are produced in the medula of the adrenal glands? | epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced? | medula of the adrenal glands
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| What is the function of corticosteroids? | decrease inflammation
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| What is the name given to the corticosteroids based on function? | stress hormones
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| Which hormones are the gonadocorticoids? | estrogens and testosterones
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| What class of hormone are the estrogens and testosterones? | gonadocorticoids
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| Which systems are primarily targeted by epi and norepi? | cardiovascular and cardiac
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| Which hormones are produced by the adrenal medula? | epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced? | adrenal medula
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| Thyroid hormone is composed largely of _____ | Thyroxine
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| Thyroxine is produced by which gland and is part of which hormone? | thyroid, thyroid hormone
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| What element is essential for the production of thyroid hormone? | iodine
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| Iodine is necessary for the production of which hormone? | thyroid
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| How does the body compensate for lack of iodine? | causes thyroid gland to hypertrophy (goiter)
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| Parathyroid hormone regulates ____? | serum calcium
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| Low calcium levels cause _____ irritabiility? | nerve
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| What are symptoms of nerve irritability? | twitchyness
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| What is the function of the thymus | Development and training of immune cells
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| What gland is responsible for development and training of the immune cells? | thymus
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| What hormones are secreted by the gastric mucosa? | gastrin and pepsin to break down proteins and stimulate the GI tract.
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| What are the functions of gastrin and pepsin? | to break down proteins and stimulate the GI tract.
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| Where are gastrin and pepsin secreted? | gastric mucosa
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| What hormones are secreted by the small intestine mucosa? | secretin and cholesysteokinin
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| Where are secretin and cholesysteokinin secreted? | small intestine mucosa
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| What is the function of secretin? | neutralizes pancreatic bicarbonates
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| What is the function of cholecystokinin? | stimulate contraction of the gallbladder
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| What hormone neutralizes pancreatic bicarbonates? | secretin
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| What hormone stimulates gallbladder contraction? | cholecystokinin?
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| What hormone is produced by the heart? | natriuretic hormone
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| Where is the natriuretic hormone produced? | heart
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| What is the function of natriuretic hormone? | excrete excess fluids
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| What hormone is produced by the placenta? | chorionic gonadotropin
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| What is the function of chorionic gonadotropin? | to maintain uterine lining for pregnancy
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| What is the primary mechanism of hormone control in the body? | negative feedback loop
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| The concentration of hormones can be controlled by which three mechanisms? | Rate of production, rate of delivery, rate of degradation
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| What hormone is produced by the hypothalamus to stimulate the thyroid gland | thyroid releasing hormone stimulates production in the anterior pituitary of TSH
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| What is the name and source of the hormone that can stimulate TSH production? | hypothalamus, thyroid releasing hormone
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