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Endocrine 818-2
Endocrine A&P Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sugar is an osmotic ___ | diuretic, pulls water to it, pushes it out through the kidney |
| What is mannitol used for? | reduce edema, esp. in the brain. Where goes sugar, so goes water. |
| Excess glucose binds to what kind of molecule? | proteins |
| What binds to proteins during hyperglycemia? | sugars |
| What is the effect of sugar binding to proteins during hyperglycemia? | leads to blood vessel weakness, contributing to problems like annyurism |
| What effect does hyperglycemia have on white blood cells? | paralyzes WBCs |
| What kinds of cells are paralyzed during hyperglycemia? | WBCs |
| What kind of sugars are dietary sugars broken down into? | 6 carbon monosaccharides |
| Why is it necessary to break down dietary sugars? | so they can be transported across the intestinal wall |
| Which vein transports digested molecules to the liver? | hepatic portal vein |
| What organ do nutrients go to immediately upon leaving the intestine? | liver |
| What is the first pass effect? | Liver filters out large amounts of oral medications |
| What is the function of insulin? | enables glucose to enter the cell |
| Under what conditions can glucose enter the cell without insulin? | exercise |
| How does exercise benefit hyperglycemia? | enables uptake of glucose into the cell without insulin |
| In the presence of _____, glucose is converted into _____ for Krebs cycle for energy | glucose, pyruvate |
| What does the body use for sugar if it has no insulin? | glycogen from the liver |
| What has to happen to glycogen for it to be mobilized from the liver? | broken into two smaller molecules |
| Hyperglycemia causes ____ diuresis, like salt | osmotic |
| What is the byproduct of the breakdown of fatty acids? | keatones |
| Why does a poorly controlled diabetic spill keatones? | because they body is using fats exclusively for energy and cannot clear all the keatones fast enough |
| When the brain is affected by high or low blood sugars, what kinds of system changes can be seen? | neurological symptoms |
| What does protein break down into when used for energy? | glucose |
| What is the process of breakdown of the bodies proteins called? | catabolism |
| Where are the adrenal glands located? | on top of the kidneys |
| What kind of hormones are produced by the cortex of the adrenal glands? | steroids, mostly mineralcorticoids for the most part |
| What are the names of the steroids produced by the cortex of the adrenal glands? | aldosterone, corticosteroids, gonadocorticoids |
| What is the effect of aldosterone? | retains sodium |
| What hormone retains sodium? | aldosterone |
| Where are steroids produced? | cortex of the adrenal glands |
| Where are aldosterone, corticosteroids and gonadocorticoids produced? | adrenal glands |
| What hormones are produced in the medula of the adrenal glands? | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced? | medula of the adrenal glands |
| What is the function of corticosteroids? | decrease inflammation |
| What is the name given to the corticosteroids based on function? | stress hormones |
| Which hormones are the gonadocorticoids? | estrogens and testosterones |
| What class of hormone are the estrogens and testosterones? | gonadocorticoids |
| Which systems are primarily targeted by epi and norepi? | cardiovascular and cardiac |
| Which hormones are produced by the adrenal medula? | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced? | adrenal medula |
| Thyroid hormone is composed largely of _____ | Thyroxine |
| Thyroxine is produced by which gland and is part of which hormone? | thyroid, thyroid hormone |
| What element is essential for the production of thyroid hormone? | iodine |
| Iodine is necessary for the production of which hormone? | thyroid |
| How does the body compensate for lack of iodine? | causes thyroid gland to hypertrophy (goiter) |
| Parathyroid hormone regulates ____? | serum calcium |
| Low calcium levels cause _____ irritabiility? | nerve |
| What are symptoms of nerve irritability? | twitchyness |
| What is the function of the thymus | Development and training of immune cells |
| What gland is responsible for development and training of the immune cells? | thymus |
| What hormones are secreted by the gastric mucosa? | gastrin and pepsin to break down proteins and stimulate the GI tract. |
| What are the functions of gastrin and pepsin? | to break down proteins and stimulate the GI tract. |
| Where are gastrin and pepsin secreted? | gastric mucosa |
| What hormones are secreted by the small intestine mucosa? | secretin and cholesysteokinin |
| Where are secretin and cholesysteokinin secreted? | small intestine mucosa |
| What is the function of secretin? | neutralizes pancreatic bicarbonates |
| What is the function of cholecystokinin? | stimulate contraction of the gallbladder |
| What hormone neutralizes pancreatic bicarbonates? | secretin |
| What hormone stimulates gallbladder contraction? | cholecystokinin? |
| What hormone is produced by the heart? | natriuretic hormone |
| Where is the natriuretic hormone produced? | heart |
| What is the function of natriuretic hormone? | excrete excess fluids |
| What hormone is produced by the placenta? | chorionic gonadotropin |
| What is the function of chorionic gonadotropin? | to maintain uterine lining for pregnancy |
| What is the primary mechanism of hormone control in the body? | negative feedback loop |
| The concentration of hormones can be controlled by which three mechanisms? | Rate of production, rate of delivery, rate of degradation |
| What hormone is produced by the hypothalamus to stimulate the thyroid gland | thyroid releasing hormone stimulates production in the anterior pituitary of TSH |
| What is the name and source of the hormone that can stimulate TSH production? | hypothalamus, thyroid releasing hormone |
Created by:
suec56
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