Terminology
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| carp/o | carpals (wrist bones)
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| clavic/o, clavicul/o | clavicle (collar bone)
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| cost/o | rib
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| crani/o | cranium (skull)
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| femor/o | femur (upper leg bone)
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| fibul/o | fibula (lower leg bone)
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| humer/o | humerus (upper arm bone)
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| ili/o | ilium
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| ischi/o | ischium
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| mandibul/o | mandible (lower jawbone)
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| lumb/o | loin, lumbar region of the spine
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| maxill/o | maxilla (upper jawbone)
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| myel/o | bone marrow
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| patell/o | patella (kneecap)
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| pelv/i, pelv/o | pelvis, pelvic bone
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| phalang/o | phalanges (finger or toe bones)
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| pub/o | pubis
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| rachi/o | spine, vertebral column
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| radi/o | radius (lower arm bone)
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| sacr/o | sacrum
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| scapul/o | scapula (shoulder blade)
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| spondyl/o, vertebr/o | vertebra
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| stern/o | sternum (breastbone)
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| tars/o | tarsals (ankle bones)
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| tibi/o | tibia (lower leg bone)
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| uln/o | ulna (lower arm bone)
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| aponeur/o | aponeurosis
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| arthr/o | joint
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| burs/o | bursa (cavity)
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| chondr/o | cartilage
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| disk/o | intervertebral disk
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| menisc/o | meniscus (crescent)
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| synovi/o | synovia, synovial membrane
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| ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o | tendon
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| ankyl/o | crooked, stiff, bent
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| kinesi/o | movement, motion
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| kyph/o | hump
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| lamin/o | lamina (thin, flat plate or layer)
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| lord/o | bent forward
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| my/o, myos/o | muscle
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| oste/o | bone
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| petr/o | stone
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| scoli/o | crooked, curved
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| inter- | between
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| supra- | above
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| sym-, syn- | together, joined
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| -asthenia | weakness
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| -clasia, -clasis, -clast | break
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| -desis | surgical fixation, fusion
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| -physis | growth
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| -schisis | split, fissure
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| periosteum | outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue
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| compact bone | dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum
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| cancellous (spongy) bone | contains little spaces like a sponge & is encased in the layers of compact bone
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| endosteum | membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
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| diaphysis | shaft of the long bones
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| epiphysis (pl. epiphyses) | end of each long bone
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| bone marrow | material found in the cavities of bones
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| red marrow | thick, blood-like material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation.
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| yellow marrow | soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones
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| maxilla | upper jawbone
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| mandible | lower jawbone
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| vertebral column | made up of bones called VERTEBRAE (pl.) or VERTEBRA (sing.) through which the spinal cord runs. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the head, & provides a point of attachment for ribs & muscles.
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| cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7) | first set of seven bones, forming the neck
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| thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12) | second set of 12 vertebrae. They articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine.
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| lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5) | third set of five larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine
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| sacrum | next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones
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| coccyx | four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone
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| lamina (pl. laminae) | part of the vertebral arch
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| clavicle | collarbone
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| scapula | shoulder blade
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| acromion process | extension of the scapula, which forms the high point of the shoulder
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| sternum | breastbone
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| xiphoid process | lower portion of the sternum
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| humerus | upper arm bone
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| ulna & radius | lower arm bones
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| olecranon process | projection at the upper end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow
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| carpal bones | wrist bones
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| metacarpal bones | hand bones
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| phalanges (sing. phalanx) | finger and toe bones
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| pelvic bone, hip bone | made up of three bones fused together
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| ischium | lower, rear portion on which one sits
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| ilium | upper, wing-shaped part on each side
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| pubus | anterior portion of the pelvic bone
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| acetabulum | large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur
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| femur | upper leg bone
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| tibia & fibula | lower leg bones
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| patella (pl. patellae) | kneecap
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| tarsal bones | ankle bones
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| calcaneus | heel bone
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| metatarsal bones | foot bones
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| articular cartilage | smooth layer of gristle covering the contacting surface of joints
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| meniscus | crescent-shaped cartilage found in the knee
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| intevertebral disk | cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine
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| pubic symphysis | cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones fuse together
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| synovia | fluid secreted by the synovial membrane & found in joint cavities
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| bursa (pl. bursae) | fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another
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| ligament | flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint
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| tendon | band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
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| aponeurosis | strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone
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| skeletal muscles (also known as STRIATED MUSCLES) | attached to bones by tendons & make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling & by working in pairs. They are also known as VOLUNTARY MUSCLES because we have control over these muscles.
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| smooth muscles (also known as UNSTRIATED MUSCLES) | located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels & the digestive tract. They are also called INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves & are not controlled voluntarily.
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| cardiac muscle (known as MYOCARDIUM) | forms most of the wall of the heart. Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat.
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| abduction | movement of drawing away from the middle
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| adduction | movement of drawing toward the middle
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| inversion | turning inward
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| eversion | turning outward
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| extension | movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position
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| flexion | movement in which a limb is bent
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| pronation | movement that turns the palm down
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| supination | movement that turns the palm up
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| rotation | turning around its own axis
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| ankylosis | abnormal condition of stiffness (often referring to fixation of a joint, such as the result of chronic rheumatoid arthritis)
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| arthritis | inflammation of a joint. (The most common forms of arthritis are osteoarthritis & rheumatoid arthritis.)
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| bursitis | inflammation of a bursa
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| chondromalacia | softening of cartilage
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| cranioschisis | fissure of the skull (congenital)
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| diskitis | inflammation of an intervertebral disk (also called DISCITIS)
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| fibromyalgia | pain in the fibrous tissues & muscles (a common condition characterized by widespread pain & stiffness of muscles, fatigue, & disturbed sleep)
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| kyphosis | abnormal condition of a hump (of the thoracic spine) (also called HUNCHBACK or HUMPBACK)
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| lordosis | abnormal condition of bending forward (forward curvature of the lumbar spine) (also called SWAYBACK)
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| maxillitis | inflammation of the maxilla
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| meniscitis | inflammation of a meniscus
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| myasthenia | muscle weakness
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| myeloma | tumor of the bone marrow (malignant)
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| osteitis | inflammation of the bone
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| osteoarthritis (OA) | inflammation of the bone & joint
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| osteochondritis | inflammation of the bone & cartilage
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| osteofibroma | tumor of the bone & fibrous tissue (benign)
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| osteomalacia | softening of bones
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| osteomyelitis | inflammation of the bone & bone marrow (caused by bacterial infection)
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| osteopenia | abnormal reduction of bone mass (caused by inadequate replacement of bone lost to normal bone lysis & can lead to osteoporosis)
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| osteopetrosis | abnormal condition of stonelike bones (marblelike bones caused by increased formation of bone)
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| osteosarcoma | malignant tumor of the bone
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| polymyositis | inflammation of many muscles
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| rachischisis | fissure of the vertebral column (congenital) (also called SPINA BIFIDA)
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| rhabdomyolysis | dissolution of striated muscle (The severity of the condition & the degree of weakness & pain vary. Some causes of the illness are trauma, extreme exertion, & drug toxicity; in severe cases renal failure can result.)
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| scoliosis | abnormal (lateral) curve (of the spine)
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| spondylarthritis | inflammation of the vertebral joints
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| spondylosis | abnormal condition of the vertebra (a general term used to describe changes to the spine from osteoarthritis or ankylosis)
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| synoviosarcoma | malignant tumor of the synovial membrane
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| tendinitis | inflammation of a tendon (also spelled TENDONITIS)
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| tenosynovitis | inflammation of the tendon & synovial membrane
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| ankylosing spondylitis | form of arthritis that first affects the spine & adjacent structures & that, as it progresses, causes a forward bend of the spine (also called STRUMPELL-MARIE ARTHRITIS or DISEASE, or RHEUMATOID SPONDYLITIS)
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| bunion | abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe. It is a common problem, often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shoes (also called HALLUX VALGUS)
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| carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) | a common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve. Symptoms include pain & parasthesia in portions of the hand & fingers.
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| Colles fracture | a type of wrist fracture. The fracture is at the lower end of the radius, the distal fragment being displaced backward.
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| exostosis | abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone (also called a SPUR)
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| fracture (fx) | broken bone
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| myel/o | bone marrow. Also means SPINAL CORD.
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| gout | disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crstals (TOPHI) to be deposited in the joints, especially that of the great toe, producing arthritis
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| herniated disk | rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protrude through it, putting pressure on the spinal nerve roots (also called SLIPPED DISK, RUPTURED DISK, HERNIATED INTERVERTEBRAL DISK, or HERNIATED NUCLEUS PULPOSUS [HNP])
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| Lyme disease | an infection caused by a bacteria (Borrelia Burgodorferi)carried by deer ticks & transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick. (See p. 638 for more info.)
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| muscular dystrophy (MD) | group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle & weakness
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| myasthenia gravis (MG) | chronic disease characterized by muscle weakness & thought to be caused by a defect in the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cell. The face, larynx, & throat are frequently affected; no true paralysis of the muscles exists.
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| osteoporosis | abnormal loss of bone density occurring predominantly in postmenopausal women, which can lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic & lumbar vertebrae, hips, & wrists.
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| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | a chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body
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| spinal stenosis | narrowing of the spinal canal with compression of nerve roots. The condition is either congenital or due to spinal degeneration. Symptoms are pain radiating to the thigh or lower legs & numbness or tingling in the lower extremities.
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| spondylolisthesis | forward slipping of one vertebra over another
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| aponeurorrhaphy | suture of an aponeurosis
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| arthrocentesis | surgical puncture of a joint to aspirate fluid
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| arthroclasia | (surgical) breaking of a (stiff) joint
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| arthrodesis | surgical fixation of a joint (also called joint fusion)
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| arthroplasty | surgical repair of a joint
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| bursectomy | excision of a bursa
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| carpectomy | excision of a carpal bone
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| chondrectomy | excision of a cartilage
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| chondroplasty | surgical repair of a cartilage
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| costectomy | excision of a rib
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| cranioplasty | surgical repair of the skull
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| craniotomy | incision of the skull (as for surgery of the brain)
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| diskectomy | excision of an intervertebral disk (a portion of the disk is removed to relieve pressure on nerve roots) (also spelled DISCETOMY)
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| laminectomy | excision of a lamina (often performed to relieve pressure on the nerve roots in the lower spine caused by a herniated disk & other conditions)
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| maxillectomy | excision of the maxilla
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| maniscectomy | excision of the meniscus (performed for a torn cartilage)
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| myorrhaphy | suture of a muscle
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| ostectomy | excision of bone
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| osteoclasis | (surgical) breaking of a bone (to correct a deformity)
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| patellectomy | excision of the patella
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| phalangectomy | excision of a finger or toe bone
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| rachiotomy | incision into the vertebral column
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| spondylosyndesis | fusing together of the vertebrae (spinal fusion)
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| synovectomy | excision of the synovial membrane (of a joint)
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| tarsectomy | excision of (one or more) tarsal bones
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| tenomyoplasty | surgical repair of the tendon & muscle
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| tenorrhaphy | suture of a tendon
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| vertebroplasty | surgical repair of the vertebra
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| arthropraphy | radiographic imaging of a joint (w/ contrast media). (Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] generally replaced arthrography for diarthrodial [movable] joints such as knee, wrist, hip, & shoulder. Arthrography is used for special times when metal is in body.)
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| arthroscopy | visual examination of a joint (used for diarthrodial [movable] joint)
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| electromyogram (EMG) | record of the (intrinsic) electrical activity in a (skeletal) muscle
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| arthralgia | pain in the joint
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| atrophy | without development (wasting)
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| bradykinesia | slow movement
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| carpal | pertaining to the wrist
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| cranial | pertaining to the cranium
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| dyskinesia | difficult movement
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| dystrophy | abnormal development
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| femoral | pertaining to the femur
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| humeral | pertaining to the humerus
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| hyperkinesia | excessive movement (overactive)
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| hypertrophy | excessive development
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| iliofemoral | pertaining to the ilium & femur
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| intercostal | pertaining to between the ribs
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| intervertebral | pertaining to between the vertebrae
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| intracranial | pertaining to within the cranium
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| ischiofibular | pertaining to the ischium & fibula
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| ischiopubic | pertaining to the ischium & pubis
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| lumbar | pertaining to the loins (the part of the back between the thorax & pelvis)
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| lumbocostal | pertaining to the loins & the ribs
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| lumbosacral | pertaining to the lumbar regions (loin) & the sacrum
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| osteoblast | developing bone (cell)
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| osteocyte | bone cell
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| osteonecrosis | abnormal death of bone (tissues)
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| pelvic | pertaining to the pelvis
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| pelvisacral | pertaining to the pelvis & the sacrum
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| pubic | pertaining to the pubis
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| pubofemoral | pertaining to the pubis & femur
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| sacral | pertaining to the sacrum
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| sternoclavicular | pertaining to the sternum & clavicle
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| sternoid | resembling the sternum
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| subcostal | pertaining to below the rib
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| submandibular | pertaining to below the mandible
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| submaxillary | pertaining to below the maxilla
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| subscapular | pertaining to below the scapula
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| substernal | pertaining to below the sternum
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| suprapatellar | pertaining to above the patella
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| suprasscapular | pertaining to above the scapula
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| symphysis | growing together (as in symphysis pubis)
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| vertebrocostal | pertaining to the vertebrae & ribs
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| chiropodist, podiatrist | specialist in treating & diagnosing diseases & disorders of the foot, including medical & surgical treatment
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| chiropractic | system of therapy that consists of manipulation of the vertebral column
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| crepitus | crackling sound heard when two bones rub against each other / grating caused by rubbing together of dry surfaces of a joint. (Also-to describe crackling sound heard w/pneumonia or sound heard from discharge of gas from the bowel.) Also called crepitation.
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| orthopedics (ortho) | branch of medicine dealing w/the study & treatment of diseases & abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system
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| orthopedist | physician who specializes in orthopedics
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| orthotics | making & fitting of orthopedic appliances, such as arch supports, used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities
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| orthotist | a person who specializes in orthotics
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| osteopath | physician who specializes in osteopathy
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| osteopathy | system of medicine that uses the usual forms of diagnosis & treatment but places greater emphasis on the role of the relation between body organs & the musculoskeletal system; manipulation may be used in addition to other treatments
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| prosthesis (pl. prostheses) | an artificial substitute for a missing body part such as a leg, eye, or total hip replacement
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| THA | total hip arthroplasty
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