Chapter 6 Muscles
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| Contractility | The ability to shorten with force
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| Excitability | The ability to respond to stimulus
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| Extensibility | The ability to be stretched
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| Elasticity | The ability to recoil to its original state
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| Epimysium | Surrounds the whole muscle
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| Fascia | The most superficial tissue that separates muscles
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| Fasicle | The numerous visible bundles of muscles
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| Perimysium | Surrounds each fasicle
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| Muscle Cells | Muscle fibers
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| Endomysium | Surrounds each muscle fiber
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| Shape of the muscle fibers cells | Cylindrical cells
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| Myofibrils | The cytoplasm of each fiber
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| Actin | The thin myofilaments that resemble 2 pearl strands twisted together
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| Myosin | The thick myofilaments that resemble bundles of golf clubs
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| Sarcomeres | The highly ordered units from Z-Line to Z-Line
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| What gives muscles a banded apperance | Actin and Myosin
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| What is the light area of the Z- Line | I-Bands
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| A-Bands | The darker area
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| H-Zone | The space between each sarcomere
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| M-Line | The line that goes down the middle of the H-Zone
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| Motor neurons | Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| Neuromuscluar junction | Sends the axons to the muscles and branches
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| Motor Unit | The single motor neuron that innervates skeletal muscles
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| Presynaptic Terminal | The enlarged nerve terminal
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| Synaptic Cleft | The space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| Postsynaptic Terminal | Muscle fibers
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| Synaptic Vesicles | They secrete Acetycholine
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| Acetycholine | It makes the muscle contract
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| Actycholinestrease | It breaks down actycholine and makes the muscle relax
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| The Sliding Filament Mechanism | The sliding of actin and myosin during a contraction
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| Muscle Twitch | A contraction of an entire muscle in response to stimulus to one or more muscle fibers
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| Threshold | A muscle fiber that isn't able to respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a certain level
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| All-or-none response | The point of when a muscle contracts maximally
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| Lag phase | The time between the point in which a muscle reacts to stimulus
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| Contraction phase | When the muscle contracts
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| Relaxation phase | When the muscle relaxes
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| Tetany | When a muscle remains contracted without relaxation
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| Recruitment | The increase in number of motor units
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| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate
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| ADP | Adenosine diphosphate plus phosphate
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| Mitochondria | Where ATP is produced
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| This is short lived and very unstable | ATP
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| Created whenever ATP is stockpiled | Creatine Phosphate
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| Anerobic respiration | Doesn't require oxygen
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| Aerobic respiration | Requires oxygen (most beneficial)
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| Oxygen debt | The amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose
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| Muscle Fatigue | When ATP is used up too quickly and can'r make up for the lost
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| Isometric | The length of the muscle doesn't change but tension does
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| Isotonic | The tension doesn't change but the length does
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| Muscle tone | Constant tension of the muscles in the body for long periods of time
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| Fast-twitch muscles | Contract quickly fatigue quickly
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| Slow-twitch muscles | Contract slower fatigue slower
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| Origin | The most stationary end of the muscle
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| Insertion | The muscle undergoing the most activity
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| Belly | The muscle that is undergoing equal amounts of activity
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| Synergists | Muscles that work together
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| Antagonists | Muscles the work in opposition
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| Prime mover | One muscle plays the major role in the desired movement
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| Nomenclature | The descriptive name of a muscle
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| Occipitofrontalis | Raises the eyebrows
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| Obicularis Oculi | Closes the eyelids and creates crows feet
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| Obicularis Oris | Puckers the lips
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| Buccinator | Flattens the cheeks
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| Zygomaticus | Smiling muscles
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| Lavator Libii Superioris | Sneering
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| Depressor Anguli Oris | Frowning
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| Mastication | Chewing
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| Muscles used in mastication | 2 pairs of pytergoids, temporalis, and massters
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| Intrinstic Tongue Muscles | Changes the shape of the tongue
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| Extrinstic Tongue Muscles | Move the tongue
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| Sternocleiodmastoid | Neck muscles
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| Erector Spinae | The group of muscles on each side of the back
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| External Intercostals | Elevates the ribs during respiration
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| Internal Intercostals | Contracts during forced expiration
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| Diaphragm | Aids in quiet-breathing
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| Linea Alba | Extends to the sternum, through the naval,to the pubis
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| Rectus Abdominis | On each side of the linea alba
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| Tendinous Inscriptions | Crosses the rectus abdominis in 3 or more places
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| Trapezius | Rotates scapula
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| Serratus Anterior | Pulls scapula anterior
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| Pectoralis Major | Adducts and flexes the arm
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| Latissamus Dorsi | Medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm
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| Deltoid | Attaches the humerus to the scapula to the clavicle
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| Triceps Brachii | Extends forearm
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| Biceps Brachii | Flexes forearm
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| Branchialis | Flexes forearm
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| Branchioradalis | Flexes and suppinates the forearm
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| Retinaculum | Holds wrists so it does not "bowstring"
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| Flexor Carpi | Flexes wrist
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| Extensor Carpi | Extends wrist
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| Flexor Digitorum | Flexes fingers
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| Extensor Digitorum | Extends fingers
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| Gluteus Maximus | Buttocks
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| Gluteus Medius | Hip muscles
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| Quadriceps Femoris | Extends the leg, (anterior)
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| Sartorius | Flexes the thigh
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| Hamstrings | Extends the thigh, Flexes the leg (posterior thigh)
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| Gastrocnemius & Soleus | Forms the calf muscle
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