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Chapter 6 Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contractility | The ability to shorten with force |
| Excitability | The ability to respond to stimulus |
| Extensibility | The ability to be stretched |
| Elasticity | The ability to recoil to its original state |
| Epimysium | Surrounds the whole muscle |
| Fascia | The most superficial tissue that separates muscles |
| Fasicle | The numerous visible bundles of muscles |
| Perimysium | Surrounds each fasicle |
| Muscle Cells | Muscle fibers |
| Endomysium | Surrounds each muscle fiber |
| Shape of the muscle fibers cells | Cylindrical cells |
| Myofibrils | The cytoplasm of each fiber |
| Actin | The thin myofilaments that resemble 2 pearl strands twisted together |
| Myosin | The thick myofilaments that resemble bundles of golf clubs |
| Sarcomeres | The highly ordered units from Z-Line to Z-Line |
| What gives muscles a banded apperance | Actin and Myosin |
| What is the light area of the Z- Line | I-Bands |
| A-Bands | The darker area |
| H-Zone | The space between each sarcomere |
| M-Line | The line that goes down the middle of the H-Zone |
| Motor neurons | Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| Neuromuscluar junction | Sends the axons to the muscles and branches |
| Motor Unit | The single motor neuron that innervates skeletal muscles |
| Presynaptic Terminal | The enlarged nerve terminal |
| Synaptic Cleft | The space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| Postsynaptic Terminal | Muscle fibers |
| Synaptic Vesicles | They secrete Acetycholine |
| Acetycholine | It makes the muscle contract |
| Actycholinestrease | It breaks down actycholine and makes the muscle relax |
| The Sliding Filament Mechanism | The sliding of actin and myosin during a contraction |
| Muscle Twitch | A contraction of an entire muscle in response to stimulus to one or more muscle fibers |
| Threshold | A muscle fiber that isn't able to respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a certain level |
| All-or-none response | The point of when a muscle contracts maximally |
| Lag phase | The time between the point in which a muscle reacts to stimulus |
| Contraction phase | When the muscle contracts |
| Relaxation phase | When the muscle relaxes |
| Tetany | When a muscle remains contracted without relaxation |
| Recruitment | The increase in number of motor units |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
| ADP | Adenosine diphosphate plus phosphate |
| Mitochondria | Where ATP is produced |
| This is short lived and very unstable | ATP |
| Created whenever ATP is stockpiled | Creatine Phosphate |
| Anerobic respiration | Doesn't require oxygen |
| Aerobic respiration | Requires oxygen (most beneficial) |
| Oxygen debt | The amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose |
| Muscle Fatigue | When ATP is used up too quickly and can'r make up for the lost |
| Isometric | The length of the muscle doesn't change but tension does |
| Isotonic | The tension doesn't change but the length does |
| Muscle tone | Constant tension of the muscles in the body for long periods of time |
| Fast-twitch muscles | Contract quickly fatigue quickly |
| Slow-twitch muscles | Contract slower fatigue slower |
| Origin | The most stationary end of the muscle |
| Insertion | The muscle undergoing the most activity |
| Belly | The muscle that is undergoing equal amounts of activity |
| Synergists | Muscles that work together |
| Antagonists | Muscles the work in opposition |
| Prime mover | One muscle plays the major role in the desired movement |
| Nomenclature | The descriptive name of a muscle |
| Occipitofrontalis | Raises the eyebrows |
| Obicularis Oculi | Closes the eyelids and creates crows feet |
| Obicularis Oris | Puckers the lips |
| Buccinator | Flattens the cheeks |
| Zygomaticus | Smiling muscles |
| Lavator Libii Superioris | Sneering |
| Depressor Anguli Oris | Frowning |
| Mastication | Chewing |
| Muscles used in mastication | 2 pairs of pytergoids, temporalis, and massters |
| Intrinstic Tongue Muscles | Changes the shape of the tongue |
| Extrinstic Tongue Muscles | Move the tongue |
| Sternocleiodmastoid | Neck muscles |
| Erector Spinae | The group of muscles on each side of the back |
| External Intercostals | Elevates the ribs during respiration |
| Internal Intercostals | Contracts during forced expiration |
| Diaphragm | Aids in quiet-breathing |
| Linea Alba | Extends to the sternum, through the naval,to the pubis |
| Rectus Abdominis | On each side of the linea alba |
| Tendinous Inscriptions | Crosses the rectus abdominis in 3 or more places |
| Trapezius | Rotates scapula |
| Serratus Anterior | Pulls scapula anterior |
| Pectoralis Major | Adducts and flexes the arm |
| Latissamus Dorsi | Medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm |
| Deltoid | Attaches the humerus to the scapula to the clavicle |
| Triceps Brachii | Extends forearm |
| Biceps Brachii | Flexes forearm |
| Branchialis | Flexes forearm |
| Branchioradalis | Flexes and suppinates the forearm |
| Retinaculum | Holds wrists so it does not "bowstring" |
| Flexor Carpi | Flexes wrist |
| Extensor Carpi | Extends wrist |
| Flexor Digitorum | Flexes fingers |
| Extensor Digitorum | Extends fingers |
| Gluteus Maximus | Buttocks |
| Gluteus Medius | Hip muscles |
| Quadriceps Femoris | Extends the leg, (anterior) |
| Sartorius | Flexes the thigh |
| Hamstrings | Extends the thigh, Flexes the leg (posterior thigh) |
| Gastrocnemius & Soleus | Forms the calf muscle |
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