vocab
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| Enlightenment | a time of optimism and possibility from the late 1600s to the late 1700s; also called the Age of Reason
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| Natural law | rules of conduct discoverable by reason; used by Enlightenment thinkers to better understand social, economic, and political problems; used to study human behavior and solve the problems of society
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| Thomas Hobbes | 17th century English philosopher lived in Civil War & thought people r cruel, greedy, selfish; liked powerful government; outlined views in Leviathan. thought powerful government made orderly society. absolute monarchy could impose order &compel obedience
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| Social contract | an agreement by which people gave up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos
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| John Locke | (1632-1704) English philosopher; developed political and economic theories during the Enlightenment. He wrote Two Treatises on Government in which he declared that people have a right to rebel against governments that do not protect their natural rights.
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| Natural right | right that belongs to all humans from birth, such as life, liberty, and property
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| Philosophe | French for "philosopher"; French thinker who desired reform in society during the Enlightenment
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| Baron de Montesquieu | (1689-1755) French jurist and political philosopher; he explored democratic theories of government. He proposed a government divided into three branches and greatly influenced the United States Constitution.
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| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | French political philosopher thought people r good; innocence corrupted by evils, especially unfair distribution of property; wrote Social Contract; felt society placed many limitations on behavior-control should be minimal &by freely elected government
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| Voltaire | (1694-1778) French philosopher and author; known for his satire; was a supporter of Deism, the idea that God was no longer involved with the universe after creating it; advocated a tolerant approach to religion
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| Laissez-faire | policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference
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| Adam Smith | (1723-1790) Scottish economist; he became the leading advocate of laissez-faire economics and is considered by some to be the "father of modern economics"; wrote the first true text on economics, The Wealth of Nations, in 1776
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| Censorship | restriction on access to ideas and information
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| Enlightened despots | the absolute monarchs in 18th century Europe who ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment
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| Salons | gatherings in which intellectual and political ideas were exchanged during the Enlightenment
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| Baroque | ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s
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| Rococo | personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid-1700s that featured designs with the shapes of leaves, shells, and flowers.
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| Revolution | radical change, far-reaching effects
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| George III | King of England for 60 years, starting in 1760; ruled during the American Revolution
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| Benjamin Franklin | (1706-1790) American statesman; he was a philosopher, scientist, inventor, writer, publisher, first U.S. postmaster, and member of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence
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| George Washington | (1732-1799) First president of the United States; he commanded the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War and served as a representative to the Continental Congress
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| Thomas Jefferson | (1743-1826) American statesman; third president of the United States; he was a member of two Continental Congresses, chairman of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence, the Declaration's main author and one of its signers
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| James Madison | (1751-1836) American statesman; he was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention and the fourth president of the United States; he is known as "the father of the Constitution."
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| Popular sovereignty | basic principle of the American system of government which asserts that the people are the source of any and all governmental power, and government can exist only with the consent of the governed
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| Federal republic | government in which power is divided between the national, or federal, government and the states
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| Estates General | legislative body made up of representatives of the three estates in pre-revolutionary France.
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| Tennis Court Oath | famous oath made on a tennis court by members of the Third Estate in France
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| Bastille | fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it on July 14, 1789.
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| Liberty, Equality, Fraternity | basic principles of the French Revolution; served as a rally cry / slogan of the French Revolution
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen | a document that laid out the basic principles of the French Revolution - liberty, equality, and fraternity
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| Louis XVI | (1754-1793) King of France from 1774 to 1792; his unpopular policies helped trigger the French Revolution; deposed by the National Convention, he was executed by guillotine
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| Marie-Antoinette | (1755-1793) Queen of France, wife of King Louis XVI; she was queen during the French Revolution and disliked by many French citizens; was found guilty of treason and guillotined
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| Guillotine | a device used during the French Revolution for beheading people
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| Maximilien Robespierre | (1758-1794) leading figure of the French Revolution; known for his intense dedication to the Revolution; became increasingly radical and led the National Convention during its most bloodthirsty time
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| Reign of Terror | a period during the French Revolution in which the Robespierre-led government executed thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens
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| Napoleon Bonaparte | (1769-1821) general; Emperor of France; he seized power in a coup d' etat in 1799; led French armies in conquering much of Europe and placed his relatives in positions of power; defeated at the Battle of Waterloo; was exiled on the island of Elba
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