World history
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| Renaissance | "rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome; 1300 - 1650 CE
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| Humanism | an intellectual movement during the Renaissance that focused on the study of worldly subjects, such as poetry and philosophy, and on human potential and achievements
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| Humanities | study of subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history, that were taught in ancient Greece and Rome
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| Florence | a city in the Tuscany region of northern Italy that was the center of the Italian Renaissance
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| Patron | a person who provides financial support for the arts
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| Perspective | artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a three-dimensional effect
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| Leonardo da Vinci | (1452 - 1519) Italian painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, and scientist; his interests and talents spanned numerous disciplines; painted the Mona Lisa
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| Michelangelo Buonarroti | (1475 - 1564) Italian Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter and poet; he sculpted the Pieta and the David, and he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
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| Raphael | (1483 - 1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens
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| Donatello | (1386 - 1466) Master of sculpture in both marble and bronze; one of the greatest of all Renaissance artists
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| Niccolo Machiavelli | (1469 - 1527) Italian political philosopher and statesman; he wrote The Prince, which advised rulers to separate morals from politics. He insisted that a ruler do whatever is necessary to succeed and that the ends would justify the means.
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| Baldassare Castiglione | (1479 - 1529) Italian diplomat and writer; he wrote The Courtier, one of the most important books of the Renaissance, in which in delineates the rules and correct behaviors for a courtier to adopt in order to win favor from a ruler.
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| Johann Gutenberg | (c. 1397 - 1468) German inventor and printer; he invented movable type. His first printed publication was a 1,282-page Bible.
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| Albrecht Durer | (1471 - 1528) German painter, engraver, and theoretician; he combined Italian Renaissance techniques of realism and perspective with elements unique to the northern Renaissance, such as the use of oils in his painting
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| William Shakespeare | (1564 - 1616) English dramatist and poet; he is considered one of the greatest dramatists of all time and wrote such works as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and A Midsummer Night's Dream.
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| Vernacular | everyday language of ordinary people
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| Martin Luther | (1483 - 1546) German monk whose protests against the Catholic Church in 1517 (the Ninety-Five Theses) led to calls for reform and to the movement known as the Reformation.
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| Heresy | an opinion that goes against the teachings of a church
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| Heretic | a dissenter from established dogma
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| Indulgences | pardons issued by the pope of the Roman Catholic Church that could reduce a soul's time in purgatory; from the 1100s to the 1500s, they could be purchased, which led to corruption.
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| Protestant Reformation | a religious movement in the 1500s that split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches
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| Pope | title given to the head of the Roman Catholic Church
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| Henry VIII | (1491 - 1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. He established the Church of England in 1532.
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| Scientific Revolution | a transformation in European thought in the 1500s and 1600s that called for scientific observation, experimentation, and the questioning of traditional opinions
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| Scientific Method | a method of inquiry that promotes observing, measuring, explaining, and verifying as a way to gain scientific knowledge
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| Isaac Newton | (1642 - 1727) English mathematician and natural philosopher; he discovered the law of gravity as well as laws on the physics of objects.
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| Galileo Galilei | (1564 - 1642) Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist; he discovered the law of motion of falling objects and invented the first working telescope; his discoveries put him into conflict with the Roman Catholic Church.
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| Nicolaus Copernicus | (1473 - 1543) Polish astronomer; he proposed the heliocentric, or sun-centered, theory of the universe.
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| Heliocentric theory | scientific theory that has the sun as the center of the universe with the earth rotating around the sun
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| Jesuits | members of a Catholic religious order, the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534
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| Inquisition | institution of the Roman Catholic Church that sought to eliminate heresy by seeking out and punishing heretics; especially active in Spain in the later 1400s and 1500s
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