AP Human Geography Chapter 2
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| why is it important to project the future population | to make sure we have enough resources necessary for everyone
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| why is it so difficult to project the future population | you really don't know how many kids everyone is going to have in the future and you don't know how many people are going to die
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| what if population growth doesn't stop | we won't have enough land for everyone and people are going to die
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| how many people are we projected to have in 300 years | 1 trillion
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| how many people are we projected to have in 400 years | 4 trillion
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| when did the world's population increase at a faster rate than ever before in history | second half of the twentieth century
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| where is virtually all global population growth concentrated | in less developed countries
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| more people are ________________ at this time than at any time in human history | alive
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| the scientific study of population characteristics | demography
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| what does overpopulation depend on | regions balance between population and resources
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| the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people | crude birth rate (CBR)
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| the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people | crude death rate (CDR)
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| the percentage in which a population grows in a year | natural increase rate (NIR)
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| where is 2/3 of the world's population found | East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, & Europe
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| what are the demographic characteristics of more developed countries | high tech health cares, increased life expectancy, death rate is lower, have less children, better education, lower NIR, lower IMR
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| what are the demographic characteristics of less developed countries | shorter life expectancy, CDR is higher, more children, poor education, no medicine or doctors, really bad health care, NIR is higher, higher IMR
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| a bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex | population pyramid
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| what side of the population pyramid are males always on? and females? | males (left) females (right)
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| age group | cohort
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| the number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force | dependency ratio
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| what does a large percentage of children in Sub-Saharan Africa and other countries strain | the ability of poorer countries to provide needed services
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| KNOW THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL |
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| what are the birth and death rates and NIR doing in stage 1 of the DTM | birth rates: very high
death rates: very high
NIR: stable or slow increase
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| what are the birth and death rates and NIR doing in stage 2 of the DTM | birth rates: very high
death rates: starts to decline rapidly
NIR: very rapid increase
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| what are the birth and death rates and NIR doing in stage 3 of the DTM | birth rates: starts to decline
death rates: falling more slowly
NIR: increase slows down
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| what are the birth and death rates and NIR doing in stage 4 of the DTM | birth rates: low
death rates: low
NIR: stable or slow increase
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| what are the birth and death rates and NIR doing in stage 5 of the DTM | birth rates: very low
death rates: low
NIR: slow decrease
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| describe the change in population of the World from the 1950s to present | it went from under a billion to 7 billion people
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| why is rapid population growth a problem | keeps going up we are going to become overpopulated
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| what did Thomas Malthus influence | he influenced ideas about overpopulation in past and modern times
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| what did Malthus claim | he claimed that population grows more rapidly than Earth's food supply
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| what did Malthus project the consequences would be based on the 1798 growth rates | Today: 1 person, 1 unit of food
50 years: 4 persons, 3 units of food
100 years: 16 persons, 5 units of food
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| what 2 basic assumptions did Malthus base his theory on | food is essential & humans have the basic urge to multiply
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| what are "positive checks" that have raised the death rate | war, disease, famine, natural disasters
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| what are "preventative or negative checks" that have lowered the birth rate | birth control, moral restraint, celibacy, abortion
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| what were the problems with Malthus's theory | new technology to store and preserve food, Industrial Revolution, new agricultural practices, Green Revolution
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| when does the Green Revolution happen | latter half of the 20th century
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| what things were created during the Green Revolution | genetically modified crops, fertilizers, irrigation techniques, pesticides
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| why are contemporary geographers taking another look at Malthus's theory | because of the unprecedented rates of natural increase in LCDs
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| what are Neo-Malthusians painting a frightening picture of | a world in which billions of people are engaged in a desperate search for food and fuel
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| many LDCs have _______________________ their food production significantly in recent years, but they have _________________________ than ever before | expanded;more poor people
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| what are 2 strategies that have been successful in reducing birth rates | -distribution of contraceptives
-emphasizes reliance on economic development
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| what is one approach to empowering women | emphasizing improving local economic conditions
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| what would happen if more women were able to attend school | they would learn employment skills, gain economic control of their live, make informed reproductive choices
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| with the survival of more infants assured what would women most likely choose to limit the number off children | contraceptives
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| in less developed countries, __________________ for contraceptive devices is ____________________ than the available _________________ | demand; greater; supply
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| what is China doing to decrease population growth | have a one-child policy
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| which areas in China are more strict than others | urban areas are more strict than rural areas
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| what can happen if you have a second kid without granted permission | they can force sterilization or abortions
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| if you do receive permission to have a second child what must you do | you must pay "fees" in the amount it would cost the state to provide for that child
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| what effects have happened because of the one child policy | led to increase in infanticide and abortion which has led to an unbalanced male to female ratio
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| CBR at 1.7, it is ___________________ than the U.S. and are now experiencing a population _____________________ | lower; decline
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| study of the dynamic of health and illness in population | epidemiology
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| the shift in diseases as a country developes | epidemiological transition model
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| what are a high level of infectious diseases associated with | malnutrition, periodic famine, and poor environmental sanitation
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| what are a high level of chronic and degenerative diseases associated with | urban-industrial life styles
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| diseases that belong to a certain area that are native and local | endemic
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| when a disease begins to spread to a larger scale | epidemic
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| when a disease jumps an ocean (Africa -> Europe) multiple continents | pandemic
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| what is stage one of the ETM called | Age of Pestilence & Famine
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| what is the life expectancy of stage 1 of the ETM | less than 35
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| fatal epidemic diseases | pestilence
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| what disease happened in 1347 that killed half of Europe's population | Bubonic plague
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| what are high causes of deaths in stage 1 of the ETM | animal and human attacks
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| what is less than 10% of deaths caused by in stage 1 of the ETM | heart disease
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| what is the name of stage 2 of the ETM | Age of Receding Pandemics
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| what are there improvements in in stage 2 of the ETM | public health (water/sewage) and nutrition
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| what 2 things start to decline in stage 2 of the ETM | infant mortality rate and pandemics (widespread diseases)
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| what increases in stage 2 of the ETM | life expectancy
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| what disease is a big problem in developing countries during stage 2 of the ETM | cholera
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| what is stage 3 of the ETM called | Age of Degenerative and Human-made Diseases
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| what continues to improve in stage 3 of the ETM | urbanization, public health, and nutrition
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| death from what 2 diseases declines in stage 3 of the ETM | polio and measles
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| what is the life expectancy in stage 3 of the ETM | less than 50
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| what starts to rise in stage 3 of the ETM | man-made diseases
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| what are the causes of the rise of man-made diseases | smoking & fattier diets
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| what is approximately 50% of deaths caused by during stage 3 of the ETM | cancer & heart disease
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| what is stage 4 of the ETM called | Age of Delayed Degenerative Disease
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| what 4 things improve in stage 4 of the ETM | health care, diet, medicine, and education
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| what two causes of death are prevented or delayed in stage 4 of the ETM | cancer & heart disease
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| what is the life expectancy in stage 4 of the ETM | >65
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| what is the name of stage 5 of the ETM | Return of Infectious Diseases
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| what happens in stage 5 of the ETM | it is speculative- return to stage 1
diseases such as Malaria, TB, SARS, AIDS
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| why is stage 5 of the ETM speculative | poverty, world-wide travel, evolution of microbes
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| disease causing bacteria | microbes
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| the portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement | ecumene
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| the total number of people divided by the total land area | arithmetic density
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| the number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is suitable for agriculture | physiological density
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| the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land | agricultural density
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| what is the NIR today | 1.2%
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| when did the global NIR peak and when was it | 2.2% in 1963
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| about how many people are being added to the world's population each year | 82 million
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| the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase | doubling time
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| in what world regions is most growth occuring | developing countries
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| the average number of children a women will have throughout her childbearing years | total fertility rate
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| what is the global "average" total fertility rate | 2.5
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| the shape of a population pyramid is primarily determined by what demographic rate | number of people in different age groups
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| what age groups are categorized as "dependent" | 0-14 and 65+
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| the number of males per 100 females in the population | sex ratio
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| the demographic transition is a ______________________ with several ________________________ and every ______________________ is in one of those stages | model; stages; country
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| how many countries are in stage 1 of the demographic transition model | none
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| how many countries are in stages 2/3 of the demographic transition model | majoriity
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| how many countries are in stage 4 of the demographic transition model | few and few are likely to reach it in the future
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| where has Malthus's theory proven right | fairly close on food production
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| in what ways was Malthus mistaken | to pessimistic on population growth
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| how is Japan's population expected to change by 2050 | Japan is expected to have a major decline in population
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| why is Japan expected to have a major decline in population | Japan discourages immigration
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| why is Japan's population declining problematic for Japan | they will face a severe shortage of workers
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| what would characterize a possible stage 5 of the DTM | very low Crude Birth Rate, increasing Crude Death Rate, and a negative Natural Increase Rate
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| distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition | epidemiologic transition
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| the total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society | infant mortality rate
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| the average number of years an individual can be expected to live given certain conditions | life expectancy
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| how are these mortality rates distributed globally, in terms of developed and developing worlds | countries that are not as developed have higher mortality rates than developed countries
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| compare and contrast reasons for variations in health care between developed and developing countries | in developed countries they have better medical technology and medicine than LDCs, both have health care MDCs just put more money & attention to it than LDCs
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| what are reasons why the dry lands are inhospitable | -too dry for farming
-lack water to grow crops that could feed a population
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| what are reasons why the wet lands are inhospitable | -combination of rain and heat rapidly depletes nutrients from soil
-very high levels of rain and they are near the equator
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| what are reasons why the cold lands are inhospitable | -covered with ice
-ground is permanently frozen
-unsuitable for growing crops
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| what are reasons why the high lands are inhospitable | -steep slopes
-snow covered slopes
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| identify the 2 strategies that have been successful in reducing birth rates and explain why they have been successful | through education& health care-women stay in school longer, improved health care, IMR would decline, with more kids surviving women would have less kids
through contraception- family planning programs, most effective for lowering birth rate
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| what were the views and theories of Thomas Malthus | -believed that the population was growing more rapidly than food supply and would eventually we would run out of resources
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| what are the views and theories of Neo-Malthusians | -the gap in population and resources is greater in some countries than even Malthus anticipated
-world population growth is outstripping other resources not just food production
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| what are the views and theories of critics of Malthus | resource depletion: believe that Malthusian beliefs are based on that the world's supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding
population growth: disagree with Malthus that population growth is a problem
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| what is the first big break in the demographic transition and its cause | sudden drop in the death rate caused by technological innovations
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| what is the second big break in the demographic transition and its cause | the sudden drop in birth rate caused from changing social customs
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| what are India's population policies | birth control devices have been distributed free,abortions were legalized in 1972, camps to perform sterilizations,birth-control programs became voluntary,family planning is emphasized in education, most dominant form of birth control is sterilization
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| what are China's population policies | people receive free contraceptives,abortions,&sterilizations,if you wish to have 2 kids you have to pay a "family planning fee" to cover the cost of the government supporting another person
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| world population is very ___________________ distributed across Earth's surface and it can be compared to ____________________ distribution | unevenly; climate
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| the portion of the Earth with permanent human settlement | ecumene
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| the ecumene has expanded to cover most of the _______________ | world's land area
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| what are the 4 sparsely populated areas | dry areas, wet areas, cold areas, high areas
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| -too dry for farming -cover approximately 20% of Earth's land surface -generally lack sufficient water to grow crops | dry areas
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| -receive very high levels of precipitation -primarily located near the equator -combination of rain and heat depletes nutrients from the soil, hindering agriculture | wet areas
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| -much of the land near the north and south poles -perpetually covered with permafrost | cold areas
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| -relatively few people live in mountains, but there are some significant exceptions in Latin America and Africa | high areas
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| the largest cluster of inhabitants live here | East Asia
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| 1/5 of the world's people live in this region | East Asia
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| 5/6 of the people in this region live in China | East Asia
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| Japan and South Korea's population is distributed differently and is not ________________________ | uniform
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| more than _____________ of the Japanese and Koreans live in __________________ areas | 3/4; urban
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| second-largest concentration; roughly 1/5 of the world's population | South Asia
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| the world's second most populous country and contains more than _________________ of South Asia's population concentration | India; 3/4
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| third-largest population cluster; 1/9 of the world's population lives in this region | Europe
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| _______________________ of Europe's inhabitants live in cities | 3/4
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| world's fourth-largest population cluster which is a series of islands | Southeast Asia
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| 13,677 islands make up what country | Indonesia
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| what 2 countries make up the largest population concentration in the western hemisphere | United States and Canada
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| what percentage of the world's population lives in the United States and Canada | 2%
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| what percentage of the people in the United States and Canada are farmers | less than 5%
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| where is another 2% of the world's population clustered | West Africa
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| in which country is half of the 2% of the world's population in Africa located | Nigeria
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| what do most people work in in Nigeria/West Africa | agriculture
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| -the number of people per total land area -the highest densities are found in parts of Asia and Europe | arithmetic density
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| -number of people per arable land area -measures the relation between population and agricultural resources in a society | physiological density
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| -the largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can support -most closely related to physiological density | carrying capacity
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| CARRYING CAPACITY IS IMPORTANT AND WILL BE ON THE TEST!! |
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| Still flip over!! |
Good luck on your test!! You'll do great! :)
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